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capture the spirit

  • 1 espíritu

    m.
    1 spirit, soul.
    2 mettle, courage, morale, spirit.
    3 ghost, spirit.
    4 Spirit, Ghost.
    * * *
    1 (gen) spirit
    2 (alma) soul, spirit
    3 (fantasma) ghost, spirit
    4 (licores) spirits plural
    5 figurado (idea central) spirit, essence, soul
    \
    exhalar el espíritu to give up the ghost
    ser pobre de espíritu to be poor in spirit
    el espíritu de la ley the spirit of the law
    el Espíritu Santo the Holy Ghost
    espíritu de cuerpo esprit de corps
    espíritu de vino purified alcohol
    espíritu deportivo sportsmanship
    grandeza de espíritu noble-heartedness
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=lo inmaterial) spirit
    2) [de persona] (=mente) mind
    3) (Rel) spirit

    Espíritu Santo — Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit

    4) (=aparecido) spirit, ghost
    5) (=alcohol) spirits pl, liquor
    * * *
    1) (alma, ser inmaterial) spirit

    entregar el espíritu — (euf) to pass away (euph)

    2)
    a) (disposición, actitud) spirit
    b) (naturaleza, carácter) nature
    3) (valor, ánimo) spirit
    4) ( esencia) spirit
    •
    * * *
    = soul, spirit, ghost, phantom, phantasm.
    Ex. I would venture to guess that he would have characterized these suggestions as the eructation of unhealthy souls'.
    Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex. Some authors, of course, object to their work being subjected to compulsory dissection for exams in the traditional deadly manner and like Bernard Shaw, they swear to haunt anyone who so mistreats them (Shaw's ghost must be busy these days).
    Ex. The phantoms of the book's name are those sensed by amputees who have vividfeeling, even pain, in limbs they know are gone.
    Ex. Fourniret is a dangerous man obnubilated by the phantasm of virginity.
    ----
    * alimentar el espíritu = refresh + the spirit.
    * capturar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * casa frecuentada por los espíritus = haunted house.
    * con un espíritu de = in a spirit of.
    * de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * el espíritu de la época = the spirit of the times.
    * espíritu combativo = fighting spirit.
    * espíritu corporativo = esprit-de-corps.
    * espíritu critico = critical spirit.
    * espíritu de aventura = spirit of adventure.
    * espíritu de equipo = team spirit.
    * espíritu de la contradicción = contrary nature.
    * espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.
    * espíritu deportivo = sportsmanship.
    * espíritu empresarial = entrepreneurship, business acumen.
    * espíritu fronterizo, el = frontier spirit, the.
    * espíritu humano, el = human soul, the, human spirit, the.
    * espíritu libre = free spirit.
    * espíritu molesto = poltergeist.
    * estar poseído por los espíritus = haunt.
    * fomento de espíritu de equipo = team building.
    * frecuentado por los espíritus = haunted.
    * la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.
    * paz de espíritu = peace of mind.
    * plasmar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * poseído por los espíritus = haunted.
    * quebrantar el espíritu de Alguien = break + Posesivo + spirit.
    * que levanta el espíritu = uplifting.
    * * *
    1) (alma, ser inmaterial) spirit

    entregar el espíritu — (euf) to pass away (euph)

    2)
    a) (disposición, actitud) spirit
    b) (naturaleza, carácter) nature
    3) (valor, ánimo) spirit
    4) ( esencia) spirit
    •
    * * *
    = soul, spirit, ghost, phantom, phantasm.

    Ex: I would venture to guess that he would have characterized these suggestions as the eructation of unhealthy souls'.

    Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).
    Ex: Some authors, of course, object to their work being subjected to compulsory dissection for exams in the traditional deadly manner and like Bernard Shaw, they swear to haunt anyone who so mistreats them (Shaw's ghost must be busy these days).
    Ex: The phantoms of the book's name are those sensed by amputees who have vividfeeling, even pain, in limbs they know are gone.
    Ex: Fourniret is a dangerous man obnubilated by the phantasm of virginity.
    * alimentar el espíritu = refresh + the spirit.
    * capturar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * casa frecuentada por los espíritus = haunted house.
    * con un espíritu de = in a spirit of.
    * de espíritu cívico = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu comunitario = public-spirited.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * el espíritu de la época = the spirit of the times.
    * espíritu combativo = fighting spirit.
    * espíritu corporativo = esprit-de-corps.
    * espíritu critico = critical spirit.
    * espíritu de aventura = spirit of adventure.
    * espíritu de equipo = team spirit.
    * espíritu de la contradicción = contrary nature.
    * espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.
    * espíritu deportivo = sportsmanship.
    * espíritu empresarial = entrepreneurship, business acumen.
    * espíritu fronterizo, el = frontier spirit, the.
    * espíritu humano, el = human soul, the, human spirit, the.
    * espíritu libre = free spirit.
    * espíritu molesto = poltergeist.
    * estar poseído por los espíritus = haunt.
    * fomento de espíritu de equipo = team building.
    * frecuentado por los espíritus = haunted.
    * la juventud no es cuestión de edad sino de espíritu = you are as old as you feel.
    * paz de espíritu = peace of mind.
    * plasmar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * poseído por los espíritus = haunted.
    * quebrantar el espíritu de Alguien = break + Posesivo + spirit.
    * que levanta el espíritu = uplifting.

    * * *
    A
    1 (alma) spirit
    estaré contigo en espíritu I'll be with you in spirit
    entregar el espíritu ( euf); to pass away ( euph)
    un espíritu maligno an evil spirit
    en la casa habitaban espíritus the house was haunted
    el espíritu del rey asesinado the ghost of the murdered king
    invocar a los espíritus to invoke o raise the spirits
    Compuesto:
    Holy Ghost o Spirit
    B
    1 (disposición, actitud) spirit
    lo hizo sin ningún espíritu de revancha he didn't do it out of any desire for revenge
    con gran espíritu de sacrificio in a spirit of great self-sacrifice
    levantarle el espíritu a algn to lift sb's spirits
    2 (naturaleza, carácter) nature
    tiene un espíritu rebelde she has a rebellious nature
    Compuestos:
    esprit de corps
    team spirit
    fighting spirit
    C (valor, ánimo) spirit
    D (esencia) spirit
    el espíritu de la ley the spirit of the law
    eres el espíritu de la contradicción you just have to be different!
    Compuesto:
    spirits of wine (pl), alcohol
    * * *

     

    espíritu sustantivo masculino


    Eespíritu Santo Holy Ghost o Spirit;
    con espíritu de sacrificio in a spirit of self-sacrifice;
    el espíritu de la ley the spirit of the law
    b) (naturaleza, carácter) nature;


    espíritu sustantivo masculino
    1 spirit: es un espíritu inquieto, he has a restless nature
    espíritu maligno, evil spirit
    (ánimo) hazlo con otro espíritu, do it in another frame of mind
    ♦ Locuciones: levantar el espíritu a alguien, to cheer sb up
    2 Rel (alma) soul
    el Espíritu Santo, the Holy Ghost
    el espíritu de su padre le habló, his father's ghost spoke to him
    ♦ Locuciones: exhalar el espíritu, to give up the ghost
    ' espíritu' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    empresarial
    - encima
    - espectro
    - alma
    - animar
    - ánimo
    - combativo
    - competición
    - comunitario
    - duende
    - elevar
    - enriquecer
    - espanto
    - formar
    - guerrero
    English:
    enterprise
    - evil
    - fight
    - ghost
    - lighten
    - mean
    - mind
    - morale
    - poltergeist
    - spirit
    - unhelpfulness
    - competitiveness
    - holy
    - sport
    - sportsmanship
    - team
    - up
    - white
    * * *
    1. [mente, alma] spirit;
    Rel soul espíritu maligno evil spirit;
    Espíritu Santo Holy Spirit o Ghost
    2. [fantasma] ghost;
    se nos apareció el espíritu del conde the ghost of the Count appeared to us;
    3. [actitud] spirit;
    fue un hombre de espíritu aventurero he was a man with an adventurous spirit;
    ser el espíritu de la contradicción, tener espíritu de contradicción to be contrary
    espíritu deportivo sporting spirit;
    espíritu de equipo team spirit;
    espíritu de lucha fighting spirit;
    espíritu de sacrificio spirit of sacrifice;
    espíritu de venganza desire for vengeance;
    4. [carácter] spirit;
    siempre tuvo un espíritu juvenil she was always young at heart, she always had a youthful spirit;
    el espíritu de la época the spirit of the age;
    el espíritu de la ley the spirit of the law
    5. [ánimo]
    ¡cómo quieres aprobar con ese espíritu! how do you expect to pass if you feel like that!;
    levantar el espíritu to cheer up;
    levantar el espíritu a alguien to lift o raise sb's spirits
    6. Quím spirit;
    espíritu de sal/de vino spirits of salt/of wine
    * * *
    m
    1 spirit;
    ser el espíritu de la contradicción be very contrary, be a contrary old buzzard fam
    2 REL
    :
    el Espíritu Santo the Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit
    * * *
    1) : spirit
    2) ánimo: state of mind, spirits pl
    3)
    el Espíritu Santo : the Holy Ghost
    * * *
    espíritu n spirit

    Spanish-English dictionary > espíritu

  • 2 capturar

    v.
    1 to capture.
    María captura ladrones de noche Mary captures thieves at night.
    2 to grab.
    Ella capturó el sentido de la frase She grabbed the meaning of the phrase.
    * * *
    1 to capture, seize
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT [+ prisionero, animal] to capture; [+ droga] to seize
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <delincuente, enemigo, animal> to capture; < alijo> to seize, confiscate; < peces> to catch
    * * *
    = capture, capture, bust.
    Ex. In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.
    Ex. The National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP) is a cooperative effort by the National Agricultural Library and 42 university libraries to test a new method of capturing this literature in digital form for publication on CD-ROM.
    Ex. On Saturday, a trooper stood on a street corner dressed in plain clothes and helped bust 30 people for not wearing their seat belts.
    ----
    * capturar datos = capture + data.
    * capturar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * capturar el momento = catch + the moment.
    * capturar registros = capture + records.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo <delincuente, enemigo, animal> to capture; < alijo> to seize, confiscate; < peces> to catch
    * * *
    = capture, capture, bust.

    Ex: In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.

    Ex: The National Agricultural Text Digitizing Project (NATDP) is a cooperative effort by the National Agricultural Library and 42 university libraries to test a new method of capturing this literature in digital form for publication on CD-ROM.
    Ex: On Saturday, a trooper stood on a street corner dressed in plain clothes and helped bust 30 people for not wearing their seat belts.
    * capturar datos = capture + data.
    * capturar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * capturar el momento = catch + the moment.
    * capturar registros = capture + records.

    * * *
    capturar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹delincuente› to arrest, capture; ‹enemigo› to capture; ‹animal› to capture
    2 ‹alijo/drogas› to seize, confiscate
    * * *

     

    capturar ( conjugate capturar) verbo transitivo ‹delincuente/enemigo/animal› to capture;
    ‹ alijo› to seize, confiscate;
    ‹ peces› to catch
    capturar verbo transitivo
    1 (a un criminal, enemigo, etc) to capture, seize
    2 (una presa) to catch
    ' capturar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    capture
    - catch
    - recapture
    * * *
    [persona, animal] to capture
    * * *
    v/t capture; peces catch
    * * *
    : to capture, to seize
    * * *
    1. (en general) to capture
    2. (pescado) to catch [pt. & pp. caught]

    Spanish-English dictionary > capturar

  • 3 capturar el espíritu

    (v.) = capture + the spirit
    Ex. All children and youth are invited to capture the spirit of the community where they live in this PapaInk art project.
    * * *
    (v.) = capture + the spirit

    Ex: All children and youth are invited to capture the spirit of the community where they live in this PapaInk art project.

    Spanish-English dictionary > capturar el espíritu

  • 4 plasmar el espíritu

    (v.) = capture + the spirit
    Ex. All children and youth are invited to capture the spirit of the community where they live in this PapaInk art project.
    * * *
    (v.) = capture + the spirit

    Ex: All children and youth are invited to capture the spirit of the community where they live in this PapaInk art project.

    Spanish-English dictionary > plasmar el espíritu

  • 5 plasmar

    v.
    1 to give expression to (reflejar) (sentimientos).
    2 to shape, to mold.
    3 to materialize, to shape, to crystallize, to give shape to.
    * * *
    1 figurado to give expression to, give shape to, capture
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dar forma a) to embody
    2) (=reflejar) to capture, reflect

    la novela plasma perfectamente la angustia del autor — the novel captures o reflects the author's anguish perfectly

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo (frml) to give expression to
    2.
    plasmarse v pron (frml) to be expressed

    esta angustia se plasmó en toda su obra — this suffering is expressed o manifests itself throughout his work

    * * *
    = result (in), portray.
    Ex. Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.
    Ex. Hardy had a tragic vision of life and that indeed is what the novels portray.
    ----
    * plasmar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * plasmar una idea en la realidad = translate + idea into + reality.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo (frml) to give expression to
    2.
    plasmarse v pron (frml) to be expressed

    esta angustia se plasmó en toda su obra — this suffering is expressed o manifests itself throughout his work

    * * *
    = result (in), portray.

    Ex: Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.

    Ex: Hardy had a tragic vision of life and that indeed is what the novels portray.
    * plasmar el espíritu = capture + the spirit.
    * plasmar una idea en la realidad = translate + idea into + reality.

    * * *
    plasmar [A1 ]
    vt
    ( frml); to give expression to
    quiso plasmar en el lienzo aquel dolor he tried to give expression to o he tried to capture o reflect that pain on canvas
    dejó plasmadas sus ideas en la declaración de independencia his ideas became reality in the declaration of independence
    ( frml); to be expressed
    esta angustia se plasmó en toda su obra this suffering is expressed o manifests itself throughout his work
    estas modificaciones se plasmaron en el acuerdo de Chicago these changes were expressed o became reality in the Chicago agreement
    * * *

    plasmar verbo transitivo to capture, give expression to
    ' plasmar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    embody
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [reflejar] [sentimientos] to give expression to; [realidad] to reflect; [sueño] to fulfil;
    plasma su radicalismo en la novela she expresses her radical views in the novel
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( modelar) shape
    2 fig ( representar) express
    * * *
    : to express, to give form to

    Spanish-English dictionary > plasmar

  • 6 proyecto artístico

    (n.) = art project
    Ex. All children and youth are invited to capture the spirit of the community where they live in this PapaInk art project.
    * * *

    Ex: All children and youth are invited to capture the spirit of the community where they live in this PapaInk art project.

    Spanish-English dictionary > proyecto artístico

  • 7 despertar

    m.
    1 awakening.
    El despertar de sus sentidos fue lento The awakening of his senses was slow
    2 emergence.
    v.
    1 to wake (up) (persona, animal).
    despiértame a la seis, por favor could you wake me (up) at six, please?
    2 to arouse.
    despertar odio/pasión to arouse hatred/passion
    el ejercicio me despierta el apetito exercise gives me an appetite
    despertar a alguien las ganas de hacer algo to make somebody want to do something
    Su belleza despertó su pasión Her beauty aroused his passion.
    3 to revive, to awaken (recuerdo).
    esta canción despierta en mí buenos recuerdos this song brings back happy memories
    4 to wake up, to arouse, to awaken, to awake.
    El ruido despertó a Ricardo The noise woke up Richard.
    Elsa amaneció Elsa woke up..
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 to wake, wake up, awaken
    2 (apetito) to whet
    3 figurado (pasiones, deseos, etc) to arouse; (interés) to awake; (recuerdos) to bring back
    1 to wake up, awake
    1 to wake up, awake
    * * *
    verb
    2) awaken, wake
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [del sueño] to wake, wake up, awaken liter
    2) (=recordar, incitar) [+ esperanzas] to raise; [+ recuerdo] to revive; [+ sentimiento] to arouse
    2.
    VI
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < persona> to wake, wake... up
    b) <sentimientos/pasiones> to arouse; < apetito> to whet; < recuerdos> to evoke; < interés> to awaken, stir up
    2.
    a) ( del sueño) to wake (up); ( de la anestesia) to come round
    b) (liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up to
    3.
    despertarse v pron
    a) ( del sueño) to wake (up)
    b) ( espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up
    * * *
    = arouse, awakening, spark off, wake up, awaken, awake, rouse, stir up, incite, beckon forth.
    Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.
    Ex. Puberty, he describes as 'dreamy and sentimental' and though this may seem a far cry from the teenagers we would recognize that adolescence brings an awakening of emotions, idealism and commitment to a romantic ideal.
    Ex. Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex. I do anticipate, however, that we will wake up sooner or later to this enormous competitive threat.
    Ex. In the beginning it does not matter what kind of literature causes this to happen; the great thing is that the critical sense has been awakened.
    Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex. The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex. The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex. Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.
    ----
    * despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.
    * despertar de = jolt out of.
    * despertar dudas = stir + doubts.
    * despertar el deseo = arouse + hunger.
    * despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm.
    * despertar el hambre = work up + an appetite.
    * despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.
    * despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.
    * despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.
    * despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.
    * despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.
    * despertar la curiosidad = arouse + curiosity, provoke + curiosity, spark + curiosity, excite + attention, excite + curiosity, pique + curiosity, stir + Posesivo + curiosity.
    * despertar la imaginación = fire + the imagination.
    * despertar la motivación = spark + motivation.
    * despertar la sed = work up + a thirst.
    * despertar las emociones = stir + emotions.
    * despertar la sensibilidad = release + feelings.
    * despertar pasión = ignite + passion.
    * despertarse = get on + the ball.
    * despertarse con = wake up to.
    * despertarse de = rouse from.
    * despertarse sobresaltado = startle awake.
    * despertarse sorprendido = startle awake.
    * despertar sospechas = stir + suspicion, arouse + suspicion.
    * despertar un sentimiento de = stir + a sense of.
    * destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.
    * duro despertar = rude awakening.
    * tener un duro despertar = rude awakening + be in store.
    * volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < persona> to wake, wake... up
    b) <sentimientos/pasiones> to arouse; < apetito> to whet; < recuerdos> to evoke; < interés> to awaken, stir up
    2.
    a) ( del sueño) to wake (up); ( de la anestesia) to come round
    b) (liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up to
    3.
    despertarse v pron
    a) ( del sueño) to wake (up)
    b) ( espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up
    * * *
    = arouse, awakening, spark off, wake up, awaken, awake, rouse, stir up, incite, beckon forth.

    Ex: The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.

    Ex: Puberty, he describes as 'dreamy and sentimental' and though this may seem a far cry from the teenagers we would recognize that adolescence brings an awakening of emotions, idealism and commitment to a romantic ideal.
    Ex: Like the librarians and the bookshop staff, the club members are catalysts who spark off that fission which will spread from child to child an awareness of books and the habit of reading them.
    Ex: I do anticipate, however, that we will wake up sooner or later to this enormous competitive threat.
    Ex: In the beginning it does not matter what kind of literature causes this to happen; the great thing is that the critical sense has been awakened.
    Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.
    Ex: The spirit, if not the content, of Marx can be the joust to rouse the sleepy theory of academic sociology.
    Ex: The goal of this guidebook is to help writers activate their brains to stir up more and better ideas and details.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    Ex: Our academic curriculum and is designed to stimulate, challenge, and beckon forth the best from each student.
    * despertar a la realidad = wake up to + reality, wake up to + the realities.
    * despertar de = jolt out of.
    * despertar dudas = stir + doubts.
    * despertar el deseo = arouse + hunger.
    * despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination, work up + an enthusiasm.
    * despertar el hambre = work up + an appetite.
    * despertar el interés = provoke + interest, stimulate + interest, stir + interest, whet + the appetite, heighten + interest, rouse + interest, capture + the imagination, capture + the interest, work up + an interest, pique + interest.
    * despertar el interés de = catch + the imagination of.
    * despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.
    * despertar interés = arouse + interest, attract + interest, raise + interest, spark + interest.
    * despertar interés por = kindle + interest in.
    * despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.
    * despertar la curiosidad = arouse + curiosity, provoke + curiosity, spark + curiosity, excite + attention, excite + curiosity, pique + curiosity, stir + Posesivo + curiosity.
    * despertar la imaginación = fire + the imagination.
    * despertar la motivación = spark + motivation.
    * despertar la sed = work up + a thirst.
    * despertar las emociones = stir + emotions.
    * despertar la sensibilidad = release + feelings.
    * despertar pasión = ignite + passion.
    * despertarse = get on + the ball.
    * despertarse con = wake up to.
    * despertarse de = rouse from.
    * despertarse sobresaltado = startle awake.
    * despertarse sorprendido = startle awake.
    * despertar sospechas = stir + suspicion, arouse + suspicion.
    * despertar un sentimiento de = stir + a sense of.
    * destinado a despertar el interés del usuario = highlight abstract.
    * duro despertar = rude awakening.
    * tener un duro despertar = rude awakening + be in store.
    * volver a despertar = reawaken [re-awaken].

    * * *
    despertar1 [A5 ]
    vt
    1 ‹persona› to wake, wake … up
    despiértame a las ocho wake me (up) at eight o'clock
    2 ‹sentimientos/pasiones› to arouse; ‹apetito› to whet; ‹recuerdos› to evoke; ‹interés› to awaken, stir up
    un discurso que despertó fuertes polémicas a speech which sparked off o triggered o aroused o provoked fierce controversy
    esa música despierta recuerdos de mi niñez that music reminds me of my childhood o brings back o evokes memories of my childhood
    ■ despertar
    vi
    1 (del sueño) to wake (up)
    todavía no ha despertado de la anestesia she hasn't come round from the anesthetic yet
    despertó sobresaltado he woke (up) o ( liter) awoke with a start
    2 ( liter) (a la realidad, al amor) to wake up
    1 (del sueño) to wake (up)
    se despertó de madrugada he woke (up) very early
    2 (espabilarse) to wake (oneself) up
    voy a darme una ducha a ver si me despierto I'm going to have a shower to try to wake (myself) up
    awakening
    * * *

     

    despertar ( conjugate despertar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ persona› to wake, wake … up

    b) ‹sentimientos/pasiones› to arouse;

    ‹ apetito› to whet;
    ‹ recuerdos› to evoke;
    ‹ interés› to awaken, stir up
    verbo intransitivo ( del sueño) to wake (up);
    ( de la anestesia) to come round
    despertarse verbo pronominal ( del sueño) to wake (up)
    despertar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to wake (up)
    2 fig (un sentimiento, recuerdo) to arouse
    II sustantivo masculino awakening: tiene muy mal despertar, he's always angry when he wakes up
    ' despertar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cerrarse
    - despertarse
    - escándalo
    - espabilar
    - grogui
    - ininteligible
    - umbral
    - despierta
    English:
    arouse
    - awake
    - awaken
    - awakening
    - fire
    - get up
    - rouse
    - roust
    - stir
    - stir up
    - wake
    - wake up
    - excite
    - get
    - kindle
    - provoke
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [persona, animal] to wake (up);
    despiértame a las seis, por favor could you wake me (up) at six, please?
    2. [producir] [sentimientos] to arouse;
    [recuerdos] to bring back, to revive; [expectación] to create, to arouse; [debate, polémica] to give rise to;
    despertar odio/pasión to arouse hatred/passion;
    el ejercicio me despierta el apetito exercise gives me an appetite;
    esta canción despierta en mí buenos recuerdos this song brings back happy memories for me
    ♦ vi
    1. [dejar de dormir] to wake (up);
    ¡despierta, que ya hemos llegado! wake up! we've arrived!;
    despertó de repente de su sueño she suddenly woke from her dream
    2. [espabilar] to wake o wise up
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 wake, waken
    2 apetito whet; sospecha arouse; recuerdo reawaken, trigger
    II v/i wake up
    * * *
    despertar {55} vi
    : to awaken, to wake up
    1) : to arouse, to wake
    2) evocar: to elicit, to evoke
    * * *
    despertar vb (persona) to wake [pt. woke; pp. woken] / to wake up

    Spanish-English dictionary > despertar

  • 8 entusiasmo

    m.
    enthusiasm.
    despertar entusiasmo (en alguien) to arouse (somebody's) enthusiasm
    aplaudieron con entusiasmo they applauded enthusiastically
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: entusiasmar.
    * * *
    1 enthusiasm
    \
    con entusiasmo keenly, enthusiastically
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *

    con entusiasmo — (=con apasionamiento) enthusiastically; (=con interés) keenly

    * * *
    masculino enthusiasm
    * * *
    = enthusiasm, zeal, zealousness, keenness, zest, elan, eagerness.
    Ex. Enthusiasm in a searcher, of course, all are agreed on: 'he must delight in the chase for its own sake'.
    Ex. One is to believe, for instance, that the public library movement began in a passion of liberal and humanitarian zeal, and yet public libraries were generally cold, rigidly inflexible, and elitist institutions from the beginning.
    Ex. Unless there is reason to believe that the author himself ordered these changes; they have no authority since they are merely the result of the carelessness, or zealousness, of the compositor.
    Ex. The conviction that books are important and a keenness to share them with others are fundamental qualities in any librarian = La convicción de que los libros son importantes y el entusiasmo por compartirlos con otros son cualidades fundamentales en cualquier bibliotecario.
    Ex. In the humanistic perspective, the concern is with potential, unique capabilities, and dignity -- with a dash of joy to add zest.
    Ex. It is a perky love story filmed with wonderful elan in black and white.
    Ex. The sense of alienation that had evolved over 50 years has gradually given way to a spirit of teamwork and eagerness to learn.
    ----
    * acabarse el entusiasmo = run out of + steam.
    * acoger con entusiasmo = greet + warmly.
    * apagar el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + ardor.
    * asintiendo con entusiasmo = in eager assent.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * con entusiasmo = eagerly, enthusiastically, rhapsodically, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly].
    * con entusiasmo en los ojos = bright-eyed.
    * con poco entusiasmo = half-heartedly.
    * despertar el entusiasmo = work up + an enthusiasm.
    * despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination.
    * despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.
    * enfriar el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + excitement, dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * hablar con entusiasmo = gush about.
    * hacer perder el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * lleno de entusiasmo = enthusiastic.
    * perder el entusiasmo = lose + heart.
    * perder entusiasmo = lose + enthusiasm.
    * rebosante de energía y lleno de entusiasmo = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * recobrar entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * sentir entusiasmo por = be enamoured of/with.
    * sin entusiasmo = half-hearted [halfhearted].
    * * *
    masculino enthusiasm
    * * *
    = enthusiasm, zeal, zealousness, keenness, zest, elan, eagerness.

    Ex: Enthusiasm in a searcher, of course, all are agreed on: 'he must delight in the chase for its own sake'.

    Ex: One is to believe, for instance, that the public library movement began in a passion of liberal and humanitarian zeal, and yet public libraries were generally cold, rigidly inflexible, and elitist institutions from the beginning.
    Ex: Unless there is reason to believe that the author himself ordered these changes; they have no authority since they are merely the result of the carelessness, or zealousness, of the compositor.
    Ex: The conviction that books are important and a keenness to share them with others are fundamental qualities in any librarian = La convicción de que los libros son importantes y el entusiasmo por compartirlos con otros son cualidades fundamentales en cualquier bibliotecario.
    Ex: In the humanistic perspective, the concern is with potential, unique capabilities, and dignity -- with a dash of joy to add zest.
    Ex: It is a perky love story filmed with wonderful elan in black and white.
    Ex: The sense of alienation that had evolved over 50 years has gradually given way to a spirit of teamwork and eagerness to learn.
    * acabarse el entusiasmo = run out of + steam.
    * acoger con entusiasmo = greet + warmly.
    * apagar el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + ardor.
    * asintiendo con entusiasmo = in eager assent.
    * cobrar nuevo entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * con entusiasmo = eagerly, enthusiastically, rhapsodically, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly].
    * con entusiasmo en los ojos = bright-eyed.
    * con poco entusiasmo = half-heartedly.
    * despertar el entusiasmo = work up + an enthusiasm.
    * despertar el entusiasmo = capture + the imagination.
    * despertar entusiasmo = arouse + enthusiasm.
    * enfriar el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + excitement, dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * hablar con entusiasmo = gush about.
    * hacer perder el entusiasmo = dampen + Posesivo + enthusiasm.
    * lleno de entusiasmo = enthusiastic.
    * perder el entusiasmo = lose + heart.
    * perder entusiasmo = lose + enthusiasm.
    * rebosante de energía y lleno de entusiasmo = all bright-eyed and bushy-tailed.
    * recobrar entusiasmo = develop + renewed enthusiasm.
    * sentir entusiasmo por = be enamoured of/with.
    * sin entusiasmo = half-hearted [halfhearted].

    * * *
    enthusiasm
    mostró or manifestó gran entusiasmo por la propuesta she showed great enthusiasm for the proposal, she was very enthusiastic about the proposal
    ha despertado gran entusiasmo it has aroused great enthusiasm
    trabaja con gran entusiasmo he works enthusiastically
    * * *

    Del verbo entusiasmar: ( conjugate entusiasmar)

    entusiasmo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    entusiasmó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    entusiasmar    
    entusiasmo
    entusiasmar ( conjugate entusiasmar) verbo transitivo ( apasionar):

    no me entusiasma mucho la idea I'm not very enthusiastic about the idea
    entusiasmarse verbo pronominal entusiasmose con algo to get excited o enthusiastic about sth
    entusiasmo sustantivo masculino
    enthusiasm
    entusiasmar verbo transitivo
    1 (animar) to fill with enthusiasm
    2 (gustar mucho) to delight: le entusiasman las películas del oeste, she loves westerns
    entusiasmo sustantivo masculino enthusiasm
    ♦ Locuciones: con entusiasmo, enthusiastically

    ' entusiasmo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    borrachera
    - delirio
    - enfriamiento
    - enfriarse
    - compensar
    - comunicar
    - desbordante
    - desgana
    - enfriar
    - excitación
    - extinguir
    - furor
    - languidecer
    - loco
    - rebosar
    English:
    catching
    - clap
    - dampen
    - enthusiasm
    - enthusiastic
    - enthusiastically
    - fire
    - gush
    - gusto
    - half-heartedly
    - half-heartedness
    - jaded
    - jump at
    - keeness
    - lap up
    - misplaced
    - rapturously
    - unenthusiastically
    - wholehearted
    - wholeheartedly
    - wild
    - zeal
    - zest
    - zestfully
    - bubble
    - eagerly
    - excited
    - excitement
    - over-
    * * *
    enthusiasm;
    aplaudieron con entusiasmo they clapped enthusiastically;
    despertar entusiasmo (en alguien) to arouse (sb's) enthusiasm;
    la noticia despertó un enorme entusiasmo the news aroused great excitement;
    pone mucho entusiasmo en todo lo que hace she puts a lot of enthusiasm into everything she does
    * * *
    m enthusiasm
    * * *
    : enthusiasm
    * * *
    entusiasmo n enthusiasm

    Spanish-English dictionary > entusiasmo

  • 9 magia

    f.
    magic.
    magia blanca/negra white/black magic
    * * *
    1 magic
    \
    como por arte de magia as if by magic
    magia blanca white magic
    magia negra black magic
    número de magia / truco de magia magic trick
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    a) ( arte) magic
    b) (encanto, atractivo) magic

    la magia de su voz — the magical quality o the magic of her voice

    * * *
    = wizardry, magic, conjuring.
    Ex. How she ached to be a poet and by some wizardry of pen capture the mysteries going on out there.
    Ex. A leader needs a clear and challenging vision, a magic with words, the ability to motivate others, the courage to stay on course, and the persistence not to lose hope.
    Ex. Subjects range from demonology to bibliographies of books on conjuring.
    ----
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * magia potajia = hocus pocus.
    * truco de magia = conjuring trick.
    * * *
    a) ( arte) magic
    b) (encanto, atractivo) magic

    la magia de su voz — the magical quality o the magic of her voice

    * * *
    = wizardry, magic, conjuring.

    Ex: How she ached to be a poet and by some wizardry of pen capture the mysteries going on out there.

    Ex: A leader needs a clear and challenging vision, a magic with words, the ability to motivate others, the courage to stay on course, and the persistence not to lose hope.
    Ex: Subjects range from demonology to bibliographies of books on conjuring.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * magia potajia = hocus pocus.
    * truco de magia = conjuring trick.

    * * *
    1 (arte) magic
    los prestidigitadores que hacen magia en la televisión the conjurers who do magic o magic tricks on television
    2 (encanto, atractivo) magic
    la magia de su voz the magical quality o the magic of her voice
    Compuesto:
    magia blanca/negra
    white/black magic
    * * *

    magia sustantivo femenino
    magic;

    magia sustantivo femenino magic: lo hizo desaparecer como por arte de magia, he made it disappear as if by magic
    magia blanca/negra, white magic/black magic

    ' magia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adivinar
    - arte
    - truco
    - pase
    English:
    magic
    - magically
    - spell
    - spirit
    - trick
    * * *
    magia nf
    1. [sobrenatural] magic
    magia blanca white magic;
    magia negra black magic
    2. [trucos] magic, conjuring;
    hacer magia to do conjuring o magic tricks;
    un número de magia a conjuring o magic trick
    3. [encanto] magic;
    la magia del cine the magic of the silver screen
    * * *
    magic
    * * *
    magia nf
    : magic
    * * *
    magia n magic

    Spanish-English dictionary > magia

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 mood

    1. n расположение духа, настроение
    2. n настроение, тон
    3. n причуды, прихоти, капризы

    a man of moods — капризный человек; человек настроения

    4. n грам. наклонение
    5. n муз. уст. лад, тональность
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. air (noun) air; ambience; atmosphere; aura; feel; feeling; semblance; smell
    2. humor (noun) attitude; climate; condition; frame of mind; humor; mind; quality; spirit; state; strain; timbre; tone
    3. humour (noun) disposition; fancy; humour; nature; temper; temperament; tendency; vagary; whim
    4. spirits (noun) spirits; vein

    English-Russian base dictionary > mood

  • 12 catch

    I [kætʃ]
    1) (on purse, brooch) fermaglio m., gancio m.; (on window, door) fermo m.
    2) fig. (drawback) trappola f.

    with a catch in his voice — con un'esitazione o un sussulto nella voce

    4) (act of catching) presa f.

    to make a catch — AE sport effettuare una presa

    5) pesc. (haul) pesca f., retata f.
    II 1. [kætʃ]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. caught)
    1) (hold and retain) [ person] prendere, afferrare [ ball]; prendere, [ fish]; [ container] raccogliere [ water]; (by running) [ person] prendere, acchiappare [ person]

    I managed to catch her in — (at home) riuscii a trovarla

    to catch sb. doing — sorprendere qcn. a fare

    to be o get caught farsi prendere o sorprendere; to catch sb. in the act to catch sb. at it colloq. cogliere qcn. in flagrante o sul fatto; you wouldn't catch me smoking! non mi sorprenderai mai a fumare! we got caught in the rain fummo sorpresi dalla pioggia; you've caught me at an awkward moment — mi hai preso in un brutto momento

    3) (be in time for) (riuscire a) prendere [train, plane]
    4) (manage to see) prendere, riuscire a vedere [ programme]; arrivare in tempo per [ show]
    5) (grasp) afferrare, prendere [hand, branch, rope]; catturare, attrarre [interest, imagination]

    to catch hold of sth. — afferrare o prendere qcs.

    to catch sb.'s attention o eye attirare l'attenzione di qcn.; to catch the chairman's eye — amm. ottenere la parola

    6) (hear) comprendere, afferrare [word, name]
    7) (perceive) distinguere [ sound]; cogliere, notare [ look]

    to catch sight of sb., sth. — scorgere o avvistare qcn., qcs

    to catch one's fingers in — prendersi le dita in [drawer, door]

    to catch one's shirt on — impigliarsi la camicia in [ nail]

    to get caught in — [ person] rimanere impigliato in [net, thorns]

    9) prendere, contrarre [disease, virus]
    10) (hit) prendere, colpire [object, person]
    11) (have an effect on) [ light] fare risplendere [ object]; [ wind] portare via [paper, bag]
    12)

    to catch fire o light prendere fuoco; to catch the light — riflettere la luce

    13) (capture) rendere, cogliere [atmosphere, spirit]
    14) (in cricket, baseball) mettere fuori gioco [ batsman]
    15) (trick) ingannare, giocare un tiro a
    16) (manage to reach) raggiungere
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. caught)

    to catch on sth. — [shirt, sleeve] impigliarsi in; [ wheel] fregare contro [ frame]

    2) (start to burn) [ wood] accendersi, prendere (fuoco); [ fire] prendere
    •
    ••

    you'll catch it! — colloq. guai a te!

    * * *
    [kæ ] 1. past tense, past participle - caught; verb
    1) (to stop and hold (something which is moving); to capture: He caught the cricket ball; The cat caught a mouse; Did you catch any fish?; I tried to catch his attention.) prendere
    2) (to be in time for, or get on (a train, bus etc): I'll have to catch the 9.45 (train) to London.) prendere
    3) (to surprise (someone) in the act of: I caught him stealing (my vegetables).) sorprendere
    4) (to become infected with (a disease or illness): He caught flu.) prendere
    5) (to (cause to) become accidentally attached or held: The child caught her fingers in the car door.) prendere
    6) (to hit: The punch caught him on the chin.) raggiungere
    7) (to manage to hear: Did you catch what she said?) comprendere
    8) (to start burning: I dropped a match on the pile of wood and it caught (fire) immediately.) prendere (fuoco)
    2. noun
    1) (an act of catching: He took a fine catch behind the wicket.) presa
    2) (a small device for holding (a door etc) in place: The catch on my suitcase is broken.) gancio; fermo; fermaglio
    3) (the total amount (of eg fish) caught: the largest catch of mackerel this year.) presa; caccia; retata
    4) (a trick or problem: There's a catch in this question.) trucco, trappola
    •
    - catchy
    - catch-phrase
    - catch-word
    - catch someone's eye
    - catch on
    - catch out
    - catch up
    * * *
    catch /kætʃ/
    n.
    1 (spec. sport) presa ( della palla); presa al volo
    2 ( pesca) pesca; presa; retata; pescato: to haul in one's catch, tirare a bordo il pescato (o le reti); to make a good catch, fare una buona pesca
    3 (fig. fam.) partito ( matrimoniale): That man is a good catch, quell'uomo è un buon partito
    4 gancio; fermaglio; chiusura a scatto; fermo ( di porta); arresto ( di ingranaggio): safety catch, chiusura di sicurezza; arresto
    5 (fam.) inghippo; trappola; trucco: DIALOGO → - Discussing video games- There's a catch, c'è un tranello; What's the catch?, dov'è l'inghippo?
    6 breve arresto o esitazione (della voce o del respiro, per l'emozione)
    8 [u] ( gioco) chiapparello; acchiappino
    ● Catch-22 ( situation), circolo vizioso; situazione da comma 22.
    ♦ (to) catch /kætʃ/
    (pass. e p. p. caught)
    A v. t.
    1 prendere; afferrare; pigliare; acchiappare (al volo); agguantare: I caught the ball on the rebound, presi la palla di rimbalzo; to catch hold of st., afferrare qc.; I caught him as he fell, lo afferrai mentre cadeva; I caught him by the neck, lo agguantai per il collo
    2 catturare; prendere; acchiappare: to catch a fish [a rabbit], prendere un pesce [un coniglio]; to catch a mouse [a butterfly], acchiappare un topo [una farfalla]; to catch a murderer, catturare (o prendere) un assassino
    3 ( del vento, ecc.) afferrare; portare via; trascinare via
    4 sorprendere; cogliere; prendere: to catch sb. at it, cogliere q. sul fatto (o in flagrante); to catch sb. in the act, cogliere q. in flagrante (o sul fatto); to catch sb. stealing, sorprendere q. che ruba; I caught him at the whisky again, lo colsi di nuovo a bere whisky; to catch sb. by surprise, cogliere q. di sorpresa; ( su una terra sconosciuta o deserta); DIALOGO → - Weather- They were caught in a blizzard in the mountains, sono stati sorpresi da una bufera di neve in montagna
    5 (seguito da compl.) ( anche fig.) prendere; impigliare; chiudere; intrappolare: I caught my foot in the rope, inciampai nella corda; He caught his fingers in the door, si chiuse le dita nella porta; to get caught in st., restare impigliato (o preso, intrappolato) in qc.; We were caught in a vicious circle, eravamo presi in un circolo vizioso
    6 colpire; prendere: The bullet caught him in the chest, la pallottola lo ha colpito al petto
    7 urtare; battere: I caught my head on the edge of the table, battei la testa contro l'orlo del tavolo
    8 dare, assestare, mollare (fam.) ( un colpo) a: I caught him a blow on the chin, gli assestai un pugno sul mento
    9 chiudere ( un gancio); agganciare, allacciare ( un fermaglio, ecc.)
    10 (seguito da compl., spesso al passivo) chiudere; stringere; raccogliere; assicurare: She wore her hair caught in a bun, portava i capelli raccolti in uno chignon
    11 prendere; contrarre ( una malattia): to catch a cold, prendere il raffreddore; to catch a disease off sb., prendere una malattia da q.
    12 farsi contagiare (fig.) da; lasciarsi prendere da: We caught the general enthusiasm, ci siamo lasciati contagiare dall'entusiasmo generale
    13 raggiungere: You'll catch him if you run, se corri lo raggiungi
    14 prendere ( un mezzo di trasporto): to catch a bus, prendere l'autobus
    15 arrivare in tempo per (fare o vedere qc.); riuscire a vedere, sentire, ecc.; riuscire a prendere ( un treno, ecc.): to catch the last mail, arrivare in tempo per l'ultima levata della posta; I want to catch the 7 o'clock news, voglio riuscire a vedere (o non voglio perdere) il telegiornale delle sette; Did he catch his plane in the end?, è poi riuscito a prendere il suo aereo?; DIALOGO → - Organizing a meeting- Hi Tim, I'm glad I've caught you, ciao Tim, sono contenta di essere riuscita a trovarti
    16 attirare; attrarre; prendere; catturare: to catch sb. 's attention, attirare l'attenzione di q.; My eye was caught by a miniature, il mio occhio è stato attratto da una miniatura
    17 cogliere; notare; sentire; percepire; distinguere: to catch a glimpse of, vedere di sfuggita; scorgere; intravedere; to catch sight of, scorgere; intravedere; I caught signs of impatience, colsi segni di impazienza; to catch a smell, sentire un odore
    18 sentire; afferrare; capire: I didn't catch what he said, non ho afferrato quel che ha detto; Do you catch my meaning?, capisci che cosa intendo?
    19 rendere; cogliere: to catch a likeness, cogliere una somiglianza; His film exactly catches the mood of the fifties, il suo film coglie alla perfezione l'atmosfera degli anni Cinquanta
    21 ( radio, TV) prendere; ricevere; captare
    23 ( cricket) ► catch out
    B v. i.
    1 prendere fuoco; accendersi; cominciare a bruciare: The sticks quickly caught, i rametti presero subito fuoco
    2 ( di motore) ingranare; mettersi in moto, partire
    3 (bot.) prendere; attecchire, allignare
    4 prendere, far presa; attaccarsi; ( di serramenti, ecc.) chiudere; (mecc.) ingranare, innestarsi: The hook didn't catch, il gancio non prese ( sulla parete, ecc.); The lock won't catch, la serratura non chiude
    5 (seguito da compl.) impigliarsi; restare attaccato; rimanere preso: My jacket caught on a nail, mi si è impigliata la giacca in un chiodo
    6 (med.) ( di male) essere contagioso; diffondersi facilmente
    8 ( di femmina di animale) restare pregna; ingravidarsi
    9 ( baseball) fare il ricevitore; giocare nel ruolo di ricevitore
    ● to catch one's breath, trattenere il respiro; restare col respiro mozzo □ (fam.) to catch sb. bending, cogliere q. alla sprovvista; prendere in contropiede □ to catch sb. 's eye, attirare l'attenzione di q. □ to catch sb. 's fancy, piacere a q. □ to catch fire, prendere fuoco □ (fam.) to catch sb. flat-footed, cogliere q. alla sprovvista □ (fam. USA) to catch hell, prendersi una strigliata; beccarsi un cazziatone (pop.) □ (fam.) to catch it ( in the neck), buscarsi una sgridata; buscarle; prenderle □ to catch the light, riflettere la luce; mandare un riverbero □ (fam.) to catch sb. napping, cogliere q. di sorpresa; cogliere q. impreparato □ to catch sb. off balance, cogliere q. alla sprovvista; prendere in contropiede □ to catch sb. on the wrong foot, prendere q. in contropiede ( anche fig.) □ to catch oneself, trattenersi: to catch oneself in time, trattenersi in tempo; sorprendersi; trovarsi a: She caught herself smiling, si sorprese a sorridere □ to catch sb. red-handed, cogliere q. in flagrante (o sul fatto) □ to catch the sun, essere in posizione soleggiata; (GB) abbronzarsi □ (fam.) to catch sb. with his trousers ( USA: pants) down, sorprendere q. ( in una situazione imbarazzante o illegale); cogliere q. sul fatto □ to be caught like a rat in a hole, essere preso in trappola □ to be caught short, rimanere a corto di qc.; ( Borsa) essere allo scoperto; (fam. USA) avere urgente bisogno del gabinetto; avere un bisogno urgente □ (fam.) You won't catch me doing it!, non mi ci prendi di sicuro a farlo; figùrati se lo faccio! □ (fam.) I wouldn't be caught dead in that place, in quel posto non ci andrei neanche morto.
    * * *
    I [kætʃ]
    1) (on purse, brooch) fermaglio m., gancio m.; (on window, door) fermo m.
    2) fig. (drawback) trappola f.

    with a catch in his voice — con un'esitazione o un sussulto nella voce

    4) (act of catching) presa f.

    to make a catch — AE sport effettuare una presa

    5) pesc. (haul) pesca f., retata f.
    II 1. [kætʃ]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. caught)
    1) (hold and retain) [ person] prendere, afferrare [ ball]; prendere, [ fish]; [ container] raccogliere [ water]; (by running) [ person] prendere, acchiappare [ person]

    I managed to catch her in — (at home) riuscii a trovarla

    to catch sb. doing — sorprendere qcn. a fare

    to be o get caught farsi prendere o sorprendere; to catch sb. in the act to catch sb. at it colloq. cogliere qcn. in flagrante o sul fatto; you wouldn't catch me smoking! non mi sorprenderai mai a fumare! we got caught in the rain fummo sorpresi dalla pioggia; you've caught me at an awkward moment — mi hai preso in un brutto momento

    3) (be in time for) (riuscire a) prendere [train, plane]
    4) (manage to see) prendere, riuscire a vedere [ programme]; arrivare in tempo per [ show]
    5) (grasp) afferrare, prendere [hand, branch, rope]; catturare, attrarre [interest, imagination]

    to catch hold of sth. — afferrare o prendere qcs.

    to catch sb.'s attention o eye attirare l'attenzione di qcn.; to catch the chairman's eye — amm. ottenere la parola

    6) (hear) comprendere, afferrare [word, name]
    7) (perceive) distinguere [ sound]; cogliere, notare [ look]

    to catch sight of sb., sth. — scorgere o avvistare qcn., qcs

    to catch one's fingers in — prendersi le dita in [drawer, door]

    to catch one's shirt on — impigliarsi la camicia in [ nail]

    to get caught in — [ person] rimanere impigliato in [net, thorns]

    9) prendere, contrarre [disease, virus]
    10) (hit) prendere, colpire [object, person]
    11) (have an effect on) [ light] fare risplendere [ object]; [ wind] portare via [paper, bag]
    12)

    to catch fire o light prendere fuoco; to catch the light — riflettere la luce

    13) (capture) rendere, cogliere [atmosphere, spirit]
    14) (in cricket, baseball) mettere fuori gioco [ batsman]
    15) (trick) ingannare, giocare un tiro a
    16) (manage to reach) raggiungere
    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. caught)

    to catch on sth. — [shirt, sleeve] impigliarsi in; [ wheel] fregare contro [ frame]

    2) (start to burn) [ wood] accendersi, prendere (fuoco); [ fire] prendere
    •
    ••

    you'll catch it! — colloq. guai a te!

    English-Italian dictionary > catch

  • 13 bannen

    v/t geh.
    1. auch fig. (Person) banish; (Gefahr) avert, ward off; (böse Geister) exorcize, cast out; KIRCHL. excommunicate; die Gefahr ist gebannt the danger has been averted
    2. fig. (fesseln) captivate, transfix, spellbind; gebannt
    3. etw. auf die Leinwand bannen capture s.th. on film ( oder canvas)
    * * *
    to drive out; to exorcise
    * * *
    bạn|nen ['banən]
    vt
    1) (geh = bezaubern) to bewitch, to captivate, to entrance

    /die Leinwand bannen (geh) — to capture sb/sth on film/canvas

    See:
    → auch gebannt
    2) (= vertreiben) böse Geister, Teufel to exorcize; (= abwenden) Gefahr to avert, to ward off
    * * *
    (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.) lay
    * * *
    ban·nen
    [ˈbanən]
    vt
    1. (geh: faszinieren)
    ▪ jdn \bannen to entrance [or captivate] sb
    [wie] gebannt [as though] bewitched [or entranced]
    jdn/etw auf die Leinwand [o auf Film] \bannen to capture sb/sth on film
    ▪ jdn/etw \bannen to exorcize sb/sth
    Gefahr \bannen to avert [or ward off] danger
    die Hochwassergefahr ist noch nicht gebannt the danger of flooding has not passed yet
    * * *
    1) (festhalten) entrance; captivate

    [wie] gebannt — <watch, listen, etc.> spellbound

    2) (vertreiben) exorcize < spirit>; avert, ward off < danger>
    * * *
    bannen v/t geh
    1. auch fig (Person) banish; (Gefahr) avert, ward off; (böse Geister) exorcize, cast out; KIRCHE excommunicate;
    die Gefahr ist gebannt the danger has been averted
    2. fig (fesseln) captivate, transfix, spellbind; → gebannt
    3.
    etwas auf die Leinwand bannen capture sth on film ( oder canvas)
    * * *
    1) (festhalten) entrance; captivate

    [wie] gebannt — <watch, listen, etc.> spellbound

    2) (vertreiben) exorcize < spirit>; avert, ward off < danger>

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bannen

  • 14 enlever

    enlever [ɑ̃l(ə)ve]
    ➭ TABLE 5
    1. transitive verb
       a. to remove
    • enlève tes mains de tes poches/de là take your hands out of your pockets/off there
       b. enlever à qn [+ objet, argent] to take (away) from sb
       c. ( = emporter) [+ objet, meuble] to take away ; [+ ordures] to collect ; [+ voiture en infraction] to tow away
       d. ( = kidnapper) to kidnap
    2. reflexive verb
    ► s'enlever [tache, peinture, peau, écorce] to come off
    • comment est-ce que ça s'enlève ? [étiquette, housse] how do you remove it? ; [vêtement] how do you take it off?
    * * *
    ɑ̃lve
    1.
    1) ( ôter) gén to remove; to take [something] down [rideaux]; to take [something] off [vêtement]; to move [véhicule] (de from)

    enlève tes affaires de là/tes pieds du fauteuil — get (colloq) your things out of here/your feet off the armchair

    2) ( supprimer) to remove (de from)
    3) ( priver de) to take [somebody/something] away [personnes, objet] (à from)
    4) ( ravir) to kidnap; [amant] to carry [somebody] off [bien -aimée]
    5) ( gagner) to carry [something] off [coupe, prix]; to capture [marché]
    6) ( avec brio) to give a brilliant rendering of [morceau de musique]

    2.
    s'enlever verbe pronominal
    1) ( disparaître) [vernis, papier peint] to come off; [tache] to come out
    2) ( être séparable) [pièce] to be detachable

    ça s'enlève comment? — [vêtement] how do you take it off?

    3) (colloq) ( partir)
    * * *
    ɑ̃l(ə)ve vt
    1) [meuble d'une pièce, article d'une liste] to remove
    2) [tache, furoncle] to remove
    3) MÉDECINE, [organe] to remove
    4) [clou, vis] to remove, to take out
    5) [vêtement, lunettes] to take off
    6) [ordures, choses à emporter] to collect, to take away
    7)

    enlever qch à qn [privilège] — to take sth away from sb, [espoir] to rob sb of sth

    Cette nouvelle nous a enlevé tout espoir. — This news robbed us of all hope.

    8) (= kidnapper) to kidnap, to abduct

    Un groupe terroriste a enlevé la femme de l'ambassadeur. — A terrorist group has kidnapped the ambassador's wife.

    9) (= obtenir) [trophée, contrat] to win
    10) MILITAIRE, [position] to take
    11) [morceau de piano, figure acrobatique] to execute with spirit
    * * *
    enlever verb table: lever
    A vtr
    1 ( ôter) to take [sth] away, to remove [meuble, livre, vase]; to take [sth] down, to remove [rideaux, tableau, tuiles]; to take [sth] off [vêtement, chapeau, bijou]; to move, to remove [véhicule] (de from); enlève tes affaires de là/les mains de tes poches/tes pieds du fauteuil get your things out of here/your hands out of your pockets/your feet off the armchair;
    2 ( supprimer) to remove [tache, vernis, peinture] (de from); to remove [pépins, tumeur, amygdales];
    3 ( priver de) to take [sb/sth] away [personnes, objet, avantage, souci] (à from); enlever à qn l'envie de faire to put sb off doing; enlever toute signification à qch to make sth totally meaningless; cela n'enlève rien à leurs qualités it doesn't take away from their good qualities in any way; cela n'enlève rien à l'estime que j'ai pour elle it doesn't make me think any the less of her; la tuberculose nous l'a enlevé à 20 ans euph tuberculosis took him from us at 20; ⇒ pain;
    4 ( ravir) [criminel] to kidnap, to abduct [otage]; liter [amant] to carry [sb] off [bien-aimée];
    5 ( gagner) to carry [sth] off [coupe, prix, titre]; to capture [marché, place forte];
    6 ( avec brio) to give a brilliant rendering of [morceau de musique].
    B s'enlever vpr
    1 ( disparaître) [vernis, papier peint] to come off; [tache] to come out; les taches s'enlèvent plus facilement à l'eau tiède/avec du savon stains come out more easily with warm water/with soap;
    2 ( être séparable) [pièce] to be detachable; le miroir peut s'enlever the mirror can be removed; les pépins s'enlèvent? do you take out ou remove the pips?; la peau s'enlève? do you peel it?; ça s'enlève comment? [vêtements, parure] how do you take ou get it off?;
    3 ( partir) enlève-toi de là○ get off○.
    [ɑ̃lve] verbe transitif
    1. [ôter - couvercle, housse, vêtement] to remove, to take off (separable) ; [ - étagère] to remove, to take down (separable)
    enlève ton manteau, mets-toi à l'aise take your coat off and make yourself comfortable
    ils ont enlevé le reste des meubles ce matin they took away ou collected what was left of the furniture this morning
    2. [arracher] to remove, to pull out
    3. [faire disparaître] to remove
    a. [généralement] to remove a stain
    b. [en lavant] to wash out a stain
    c. [en frottant] to rub out a stain
    d. [à l'eau de Javel] to bleach out a stain
    4. MÉDECINE [dentisterie]
    5. [soustraire]
    enlever quelque chose à quelqu'un to take something away from somebody, to deprive somebody of something
    6. [obtenir - récompense] to carry off (separable), to win
    enlever un marché to get ou to secure a deal
    7. [soulever] to lift
    8. (littéraire) [faire mourir] to carry off (separable)
    10. [exécuter vite - sonate, chanson] to dash off (separable)
    11. [kidnapper] to abduct, to kidnap, to snatch
    ————————
    s'enlever verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    1. [vêtement, étiquette] to come off
    [écharde] to come out
    le costume s'enlève par le haut/par le bas you slip the costume off over your head/step out of the costume
    2. [s'effacer - tache] to come out ou off
    ————————
    s'enlever verbe pronominal transitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > enlever

  • 15 catch

    catch [kæt∫]
    (verb: preterite, past participle caught)
    1. noun
       a. ( = act, thing caught) prise f, capture f ; (Fishing) ( = several fish) pêche f ; ( = one fish) prise f
    • good catch! (Cricket) bien rattrapé !
       b. ( = concealed drawback) (inf) piège m
    • where's the catch? où est le piège ?
       e. ( = ball game) jeu de balle
       a. attraper
    • can I ring you back? you've caught me at a bad time je peux vous rappeler ? je suis occupé en ce moment
    • to catch sb's attention or eye attirer l'attention de qn
    • you'll catch it! (inf) ( = be in trouble) ça va être ta fête ! (inf)
       b. ( = take by surprise) surprendre
    • if I catch you at it again! (inf) que je t'y reprenne !
    • you won't catch me doing that again! (inf) on ne m'y reprendra pas !
       c. [+ bus, train] ( = be in time for) attraper ; ( = travel on) prendre
    • did you catch the news/that film last night? tu as vu les informations/le film hier soir ?
       d. ( = trap) the branch caught my skirt
       e. ( = understand, hear) saisir
       f. [+ disease] attraper
       a. [fire] prendre ; [wood] prendre feu
       b. her dress caught in the door/on a nail sa robe s'est prise dans la porte/s'est accrochée à un clou
    [regulation, clause etc] fourre-tout inv
    ► catch phrase noun ( = slogan) slogan m ; [of comedian, famous person] formule f
       a. ( = become popular) [fashion] prendre
       b. ( = understand) saisir
    ( = catch napping) prendre en défaut ; ( = catch in the act) prendre sur le fait
       a. se rattraper ; (with news, gossip) se mettre au courant
       b. to be or get caught up in sth (in activity, campaign) être pris par qch ; (in circumstances) être prisonnier de qch
    * * *
    [kætʃ] 1.
    1) ( fastening) (on purse, brooch) fermoir m, fermeture f; (on window, door) fermeture f
    2) ( drawback) piège m fig
    4) ( act of catching) prise f

    to make a catch — US Sport prendre la balle

    5) ( haul) pêche f; ( one fish) prise f
    2.
    transitive verb (prét, pp caught)
    1) ( hold and retain) [person] attraper [ball, fish]; [container] recueillir [water, dust]; ( by running) [person] attraper [person]

    I managed to catch her in — ( at home) j'ai réussi à la trouver chez elle

    2) ( take by surprise) prendre, attraper

    to be ou get caught — se faire prendre

    to catch somebody in the act —

    to catch somebody at it — (colloq) prendre quelqu'un sur le fait

    3) ( be in time for) prendre [bus, train, plane]; avoir [last post]
    4) ( manage to see) voir [programme]; aller voir [show]
    5) ( grasp) prendre [hand, arm]; agripper [branch, rope]; captiver, éveiller [interest, imagination]

    to catch somebody's attention ou eye — attirer l'attention de quelqu'un

    to catch the chairman's eye — Administration obtenir la parole

    6) ( hear) saisir (colloq), comprendre
    7) ( perceive) discerner [sound]; surprendre [look]

    to catch sight of somebody/something — surprendre quelqu'un/quelque chose

    8) ( get stuck)

    to get caught in — [person] se prendre dans [net, thorns]

    9) Medicine attraper [disease, virus, flu]
    10) (hit, knock) heurter [object, person]
    11) ( have an effect on) [light] faire briller [object]; [wind] emporter [paper, bag]

    to catch fire ou light — prendre feu, s'enflammer

    13) ( capture) rendre [atmosphere, spirit]
    3.

    to catch on — [shirt, sleeve] s'accrocher à [nail]; [wheel] frotter contre [frame]

    2) ( start to burn) [wood, fire] prendre
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    you'll catch it! — (colloq) tu vas en prendre une! (colloq)

    English-French dictionary > catch

  • 16 catch

    kætʃ
    1. сущ.
    1) поимка;
    захват
    2) а) улов;
    добыча б) амер.;
    разг. урожай, жатва( особ. в количестве, которое делает дальнейшее высевание необязательным)
    3) игра в мяч to play catch ≈ играть в мяч
    4) загвоздка, препятствие That's the catch. ≈ В этом-то вся загвоздка. Syn: hitch
    1., rub
    1.
    5) захватывающее, запирающее приспособление а) задвижка, защелка, запор, щеколда, шпингалет Syn: fastener, latch
    1. б) стяжной болт в) тормоз, стопор;
    арретир
    6) а) выгода;
    выгодное приобретение Syn: acquisition б) выгодная партия (для женитьбы или замужества)
    7) муз. небольшая пьеса для трех или более голосов, вступающих попеременно с одинаковой мелодией
    2. гл.
    1) ловить;
    поймать;
    схватывать to catch a thief ≈ поймать вора to catch a ball ≈ поймать мяч to catch a fish ≈ поймать рыбу Syn: capture
    2) а) заманивать в ловушку, ловить (на чем-л.) to catch in a lie ≈ поймать на вранье to catch in a web ≈ опутать паутиной Syn: trap
    2., ensnare б) обманывать, вводить в заблуждение Syn: deceive, mislead
    3) а) заставать;
    обнаруживать to catch at smth. ≈ застать кого-л. за чем-л. I've caught you at your tricks again! ≈ Опять ты за свое! to catch unawares ≈ застать врасплох to be caught stealing ≈ попасться на краже to catch a person in the act ≈ застать кого-л. на месте преступления to catch in ≈ застать кого-л. дома, на работе и т. д. You might catch him in about 11 o'clock. ≈ Ты можешь застать его дома около 11 часов. to catch napping ≈ застать кого-л. спящим Father was supposed to be working, but when I went in I caught him napping. ≈ Я думал, что отец на работе, но когда вошел, то застал его спящим. б) захватывать( о дожде, шторме и т. п.) to be caught in the rain ≈ попасть под дождь The rain caught us just as we had reached the shoulder of the hill. ≈ Дождь захватил нас, когда мы достигли склона холма. в) разг. (только в прош. вр. или прич. прош. вр.;
    пасс.) 'залетать', забеременеть She's been caught - she's about five months gone. ≈ Она 'залетела' - у нее уже пять месяцев.
    4) а) догнать( более употребительно catch up) Syn: overtake б) успеть, попасть ( на поезд и т. п.) to catch the train ≈ успеть к поезду I must finish my letter in time to catch the post. ≈ Я должен вовремя закончить письмо, чтобы успеть попасть на почту.
    5) ударить, попасть She caught him a sounding box on the ear. ≈ Она нанесла ему звучный удар кулаком в ухо.
    6) а) схватить (резко или неожиданно) Syn: grasp
    2., seize б) охватывать( об огне;
    тж. в более широком значении) The fire caught many houses. ≈ Огонь охватил много домов. The wind and sun have fairly caught us all these last three days. ≈ Ветер и солнце практически не отпускали нас в эти последние три дня. в) зацепить(ся) ;
    задеть;
    защемить to catch one's finger in a door ≈ прищемить себе палец дверью to catch on smth. ≈ привязывать(ся) к чему-л. My coat caught on a nail and tore. ≈ Мое пальто зацепилось за гвоздь и порвалось. I would have been early enough, but I caught my coat on a nail just as I was leaving. ≈ Я должен был приехать достаточно рано, но когда я уезжал, я зацепился пальто за гвоздь. Syn: snag
    2., jam I
    2.
    7) поймать, воспользоваться( возможностью)
    8) схватывать, получать( что-л. неприятное или опасное) ;
    заразиться to catch one's death( of cold) ≈ умереть( от простуды) to catch (a) cold ≈ простудиться, подхватить простуду She caught a cold from her brother. ≈ Она подхватила простуду от своего брата. to catch measles ≈ заразиться корью to catch fire ≈ загореться, воспламениться to catch frost ≈ покрыться льдом
    9) ловить, улавливать (слова, смысл и т. п.) to catch a person's meaning ≈ уловить, понять чью-л. мысль to catch a likeness ≈ уловить (и передать) сходство to catch a glimpse of smth. ≈ увидеть что-л. на мгновение to catch the character, spirit ≈ уловить характер( актера) catch the eye Syn: grasp
    2.
    10) смотреть (театральный спектакль или телевизионную программу) ;
    слушать (концерт и т. п.) You can have a cigarette or a drink, read the newspaper or catch the television news. ≈ Можно закурить или выпить, почитать газету или посмотреть новости по телевизору.
    11) прерывать, останавливать( резко, внезапно) He caught himself before giving away a secret. ≈ Он на секунду остановился, перед тем, как выдать секрет. ∙ catch alight catch at catch away catch flat-footed catch in catch it catch napping catch off catch on catch out catch red-handed catch up Catch me (doing that) ! ≈ Чтоб я это сделал? Никогда! to catch the Speaker's eye парл. ≈ получить слово в палате общин to catch at a straw ≈ хвататься за соломинку to catch smb. in the act ≈ застать кого-л. за чем-л. плохим to catch one's foot ≈ споткнуться to catch smb. on the hop ≈ застать кого-л. врасплох to catch smb. on the raw ≈ задевать кого-л., причинять боль, сказав что-л. to catch smb. on the wrong foot ≈ застать кого-л. врасплох catch one's breath be caught short catch hold of catch sight of catch off guard поимка;
    захват;
    - her * was quick enough to keep the plate from hitting the floor она успела быстро схватить падающую на пол тарелку улов;
    добыча;
    - a fine * of fish хороший улов рыбы;
    - that bachelor is a good * этот холостяк - завидный жених( разговорное) хитрость, ловушка;
    подвох;
    - * question каверзный вопрос;
    - there must be a * somewhere здесь что-то не так;
    здесь есть какой-то подвох;
    - what's the * in his offer? что скрывается за его предложением?;
    - that's the * в этом-то вся хитрость выгодное приобретение;
    - no *, not much of a * незавидное приобретение;
    грош цена;
    не Бог весть какое сокровище задвижка, засов;
    шпингалет (техническое) захватывающее, запирающее приспособление( техническое) стяжной болт( техническое) тормоз;
    стопор;
    арретир приостановка на мгновение( дыхания) ;
    потеря на мгновение (голоса) ;
    - with a * in her voice прерывающимся голосом отрывки, обрывки, кусочки;
    - *es of old tunes обрывки старых мелодий игра в мяч;
    перебрасывание мяча;
    - to play * играть в мяч поимка мяча (спортивное) кетч (борьба) (сельскохозяйственное) самосев хлебных злаков (музыкальное) (историческое) качча (жанр светских вокальных пьес XIV-XVI вв.) поймать, схватить;
    ловить поймать, застигнуть;
    застать, захватить;
    - to * smb. red-handed застать кого-л на месте преступления;
    - to * smb. napping застать кого-л врасплох;
    - to * in a lie изобличить во лжи;
    - to * in a word поймать на слове;
    (библеизм) уловить в слове;
    - to be caught in a snowstorm мы были застигнуты метелью;
    - to be caught cheating быть уличенным в мошенничестве;
    - to be caught in the turmoil быть вовлеченным в водоворот( событий) ;
    - a rat was caught in the trap крыса попалась в крысоловку;
    - I caught him out я поймал его на лжи;
    - * caught him at it я его поймал на этом схватить, задержать;
    - the policeman caught the thief полицейский задержал вора ухватиться, схватить;
    - he caught at the rope он уцепился за веревку прицепляться, придираться к;
    - he *es at everything он ко всему придирается уловить, поймать;
    - to * a likeness схватить сходство (в партрете) ;
    - to * an opportunity воспользоваться случаем, ухватиться за представившуюся возможность (разговорное) уловить смысл, понять;
    - I don't * your meaning не понимаю, что вы хотите сказать;
    - he's not very quick at *ing on, is he? ведь он тугодум зацепить;
    задеть;
    защемить;
    - to * one's finger in the door прищемить себе палец дверью зацепиться;
    - her dress caught on a nail она зацепилась платьем за гвоздь;
    - he boat was caught in the reeds лодка застряла в камышах поддеть;
    провести;
    поймать в ловушку;
    - you've caught me this time! ну и поддели вы меня! попасть, ударить;
    - the blow caught him on the head удар пришелся ему по голове;
    - I caught him one in the eye (просторечие) я поставил ему синяк под глазом заболеть, заразиться;
    схватить (болезнь) ;
    - to * scarlet fever заразиться скарлатиной;
    - to * a chill простудиться;
    - to * one's death of cold простудиться и умереть захватывать;
    перехватывать успеть, поспеть;
    - to * the train поспеть на поезд;
    - I wonder whether I can * the post не опоздаю ли я к почте? схватить, условить;
    - to * a melody схватить мелодию;
    - I didn't quite * what you said я не расслышал, что вы сказали увидеть;
    - to * sight of smth увидеть что-л (на мгновение) ;
    - I caught sight of her in the crowd я видел, как она мелькнула в толпе привлечь;
    поразить;
    увлечь;
    - bright colours * a baby's eye яркие цвета привлекают ребенка;
    - the fact caught her attention ее внимание было привлечено этим фактом;
    - to * the imagination поразить воображение запираться;
    - the lock won't * замок не запирается прерывать (оратора) ;
    сбивать вопросами и выкриками > to * it получить нагоняй;
    > I caught it мне досталось;
    > you will * it! будет тебе на орехи!;
    > to * one's foot споткнуться;
    > to * the trick наловчиться;
    приноровиться;
    схватить (как что-л делается) ;
    > to * a crab (спортивное) (жаргон) "поймать леща";
    > * me doing that! чтоб я это сделал? Никогда!;
    > * me ever telling him anything again! черта с два я ему теперь что-нибудь расскажу!;
    > to * the Speaker's eye (парламентское) получить слово в палате общин;
    > to * fire загореться, воспламениться;
    воспылать;
    вспыхнуть;
    зажечься( энтузиазмом) ;
    > to * hold of smth ухватиться за что-л;
    > to * one's breath затаить дыхание;
    перевести дух, отдышаться;
    > * as * can лови, хватай;
    > on a catch-as-catch-can basis( специальное) без определенной очередности;
    > you don't * old birds with chaff (пословица) старого воробья на мякине не проведешь;
    > a drowning man will * at a straw (пословица) утопающий за соломинку хватается ~ успеть, застать;
    to catch the train поспеть к поезду;
    to catch a person in the act застать (кого-л.) на месте преступления;
    to be caught in the rain попасть под дождь rain: the ~s период тропических дождей;
    to be caught in the rain попасть под дождь, быть застигнутым дождем;
    to keep the rain out укрыться от дождя ~ зацепить(ся) ;
    задеть;
    защемить;
    завязить;
    to catch one's finger in a door прищемить себе палец дверью;
    the boat was caught in the reeds лодка застряла в камышах catch выгода;
    выгодное приобретение;
    that is not much of a catch барыш невелик ~ выигрыш ~ догнать ~ задерживать ~ тех. захватывающее, запирающее приспособление;
    щеколда, задвижка, защелка;
    шпингалет;
    стяжной болт ~ зацепить(ся) ;
    задеть;
    защемить;
    завязить;
    to catch one's finger in a door прищемить себе палец дверью;
    the boat was caught in the reeds лодка застряла в камышах ~ (caught) ловить;
    поймать;
    схватывать;
    to catch hold (of smth.) ухватиться (за что-л.) ~ поимка;
    захват ~ поймать ~ покрываться льдом (тж. catch over) ;
    the river catches река стала ~ прерывать, перебивать ~ приостановка (дыхания, голоса) ~ схватить;
    заразиться;
    to catch a cold простудиться;
    to catch measles заразиться корью;
    paper catches fire easily бумага легко воспламеняется ~ тех. тормоз, стопор;
    арретир;
    that's the catch в этом-то все дело ~ ударить;
    попасть;
    I caught him one in the eye я подставил ему синяк под глазом ~ удачная операция ~ улов;
    добыча ~ уловить;
    to catch a person's meaning уловить, понять (чью-л.) мысль ~ успеть, застать;
    to catch the train поспеть к поезду;
    to catch a person in the act застать (кого-л.) на месте преступления;
    to be caught in the rain попасть под дождь ~ хитрость;
    ловушка ~ схватить;
    заразиться;
    to catch a cold простудиться;
    to catch measles заразиться корью;
    paper catches fire easily бумага легко воспламеняется to ~ a glimpse (of smth.) увидеть (что-л.) на мгновение to ~ a likeness уловить (и передать) сходство ~ успеть, застать;
    to catch the train поспеть к поезду;
    to catch a person in the act застать (кого-л.) на месте преступления;
    to be caught in the rain попасть под дождь ~ уловить;
    to catch a person's meaning уловить, понять (чью-л.) мысль ~ at обрадоваться( чему-л.) ~ at ухватиться (за что-л.) ~ away утащить ~ (caught) ловить;
    поймать;
    схватывать;
    to catch hold (of smth.) ухватиться (за что-л.) to ~ in a web опутать паутиной to ~ it разг. получить нагоняй;
    I caught it мне досталось, попало;
    catch me (doing that) ! чтоб я это сделал? Никогда! it: it: catch ~ получать выговор to ~ it разг. получить нагоняй;
    I caught it мне досталось, попало;
    catch me (doing that) ! чтоб я это сделал? Никогда! ~ схватить;
    заразиться;
    to catch a cold простудиться;
    to catch measles заразиться корью;
    paper catches fire easily бумага легко воспламеняется ~ off амер. жарг. заснуть ~ on понимать ~ on становиться модным ~ on ухватиться (за что-л.) to ~ one's breath затаить дыхание to ~ one's breath перевести дух ~ зацепить(ся) ;
    задеть;
    защемить;
    завязить;
    to catch one's finger in a door прищемить себе палец дверью;
    the boat was caught in the reeds лодка застряла в камышах to ~ one's foot споткнуться to ~ the eye поймать взгляд to ~ the eye попасться на глаза to ~ the Speaker's eye парл. получить слово в палате общин ~ успеть, застать;
    to catch the train поспеть к поезду;
    to catch a person in the act застать (кого-л.) на месте преступления;
    to be caught in the rain попасть под дождь ~ up догнать;
    we had caught up on sleep нам удалось отоспаться ~ up догонять ~ up поднять;
    подхватить (тж. перен., напр. новое слово) ~ up прервать ~ up амер. приготовить лошадей (для путешественников) ~ ударить;
    попасть;
    I caught him one in the eye я подставил ему синяк под глазом to ~ it разг. получить нагоняй;
    I caught it мне досталось, попало;
    catch me (doing that) ! чтоб я это сделал? Никогда! ~ схватить;
    заразиться;
    to catch a cold простудиться;
    to catch measles заразиться корью;
    paper catches fire easily бумага легко воспламеняется ~ покрываться льдом (тж. catch over) ;
    the river catches река стала catch выгода;
    выгодное приобретение;
    that is not much of a catch барыш невелик ~ тех. тормоз, стопор;
    арретир;
    that's the catch в этом-то все дело ~ up догнать;
    we had caught up on sleep нам удалось отоспаться

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > catch

  • 17 ambiente

    adj.
    ambient.
    m.
    1 atmosphere (entorno).
    se respira una enorme tensión en el ambiente the tension (in the atmosphere) is palpable
    abre la ventana, el ambiente está muy cargado open the window, it's very stuffy in here
    2 life, atmosphere.
    en esta discoteca no hay ambiente there's no atmosphere in this disco
    3 room. (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), River Plate)
    4 environment, atmosphere, surroundings, nature's background.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ambientar.
    * * *
    1 (aire) air, atmosphere
    2 (entorno) environment, atmosphere
    \
    cambiar de ambiente to have a change of scene
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ INV

    • medio ambiente — environment

    • ruido ambiente — environmental noise

    • temperatura ambiente — room temperature

    "sírvase a temperatura ambiente" — "serve at room temperature"

    2. SM
    1) (=aire)

    el ambiente de la sala estaba muy cargado de humo — there was a very smoky atmosphere in the room, the air was really smoky in the room

    habrá ambiente soleado en la costa — it will be sunny on the coast, there will be sunny weather on the coast

    2) [creado por el entorno, la decoración] atmosphere

    • cambiar de ambiente — to have a change of scene

    • crónica de ambiente — background report

    • micrófono de ambiente — field microphone

    música
    3) (=animación)

    ¡qué ambientazo había en la plaza de toros! — what a great atmosphere there was in the bullring!

    4) (=entorno) environment

    con su familia se siente en su ambiente — with her family, she really feels in her element

    • ambiente familiar — home environment

    • ambiente laboral — work environment

    5) pl ambientes (=grupo social) circles

    en ambientes universitarios — in the university world, in university circles

    6) **
    (tb: ambiente homosexual)

    • el ambiente — the gay scene, the scene **

    • de ambiente — [bar, discoteca] gay antes de s

    7) Cono Sur (=habitación) room
    * * *
    1)
    a) (entorno físico, social) environment

    un ambiente de camaradería/de fiesta — a friendly/festive atmosphere

    hacerle buen ambiente a alguien — (Col) to put somebody at their ease

    hacerle mal ambiente a alguien — (AmS) to make somebody feel uncomfortable

    b) (creado por la decoración, arquitectura) atmosphere

    un ambiente acogedor — a welcoming o friendly atmosphere

    c) ( animación) life

    no había nada de ambiente en la fiesta — the party was really dead, the party had no life

    2) (CS) ( habitación) room
    * * *
    = atmosphere, ambience [ambiance], ambient, ambiance [ambience].
    Nota: Escrito también ambience.
    Ex. Above all, we specified an atmosphere in all public areas appropriate for study without the need for oppressive silence.
    Ex. The current ambience is such that we are facing a new crisis in cataloging.
    Ex. This article studies monumental wall paintings and mosaics, focusing on the disposition of narratives in relation to their architectural ambients.
    Ex. People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.
    ----
    * Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente (EPA) = Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
    * ambiente agradable = congenial atmosphere.
    * ambiente cargado = charged atmosphere.
    * ambiente hostil = icy wind.
    * ambiente tenso = charged atmosphere.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * contaminación del medio ambiente = environmental pollution.
    * del medio ambiente = environmental.
    * desde el punto de vista del medio ambiente = environmentally.
    * especialista en medio ambiente = environmentalist.
    * estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.
    * estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.
    * gestión del medio ambiente = environmental management.
    * medio ambiente marino = marine environment.
    * Ministerio del Medio Ambiente = Department of the Environment.
    * peligro para el medio ambiente = environmental hazard.
    * preocupación por el medio ambiente = environmentalism.
    * protección del medio ambiente = environmental protection.
    * que no daña el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.
    * que no perjudica el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.
    * relacionado con el medio ambiente = environmentally related.
    * temperatura ambiente = room temperature, air temperature.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (entorno físico, social) environment

    un ambiente de camaradería/de fiesta — a friendly/festive atmosphere

    hacerle buen ambiente a alguien — (Col) to put somebody at their ease

    hacerle mal ambiente a alguien — (AmS) to make somebody feel uncomfortable

    b) (creado por la decoración, arquitectura) atmosphere

    un ambiente acogedor — a welcoming o friendly atmosphere

    c) ( animación) life

    no había nada de ambiente en la fiesta — the party was really dead, the party had no life

    2) (CS) ( habitación) room
    * * *
    = atmosphere, ambience [ambiance], ambient, ambiance [ambience].
    Nota: Escrito también ambience.

    Ex: Above all, we specified an atmosphere in all public areas appropriate for study without the need for oppressive silence.

    Ex: The current ambience is such that we are facing a new crisis in cataloging.
    Ex: This article studies monumental wall paintings and mosaics, focusing on the disposition of narratives in relation to their architectural ambients.
    Ex: People like to browse the books and magazines, take in the ambiance, and be seen and perceived as a patron of the arts and literature.
    * Agencia de Protección del Medio Ambiente (EPA) = Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
    * ambiente agradable = congenial atmosphere.
    * ambiente cargado = charged atmosphere.
    * ambiente hostil = icy wind.
    * ambiente tenso = charged atmosphere.
    * a temperatura ambiente = at room temperature.
    * cambiar de ambiente = change + scenery.
    * cambio de ambiente = change of scenery, change of air and scene, change of air, change of scene.
    * contaminación del medio ambiente = environmental pollution.
    * del medio ambiente = environmental.
    * desde el punto de vista del medio ambiente = environmentally.
    * especialista en medio ambiente = environmentalist.
    * estudio de impacto en el medio ambiente = environmental impact study.
    * estudios del medio ambiente = environmental studies.
    * gestión del medio ambiente = environmental management.
    * medio ambiente marino = marine environment.
    * Ministerio del Medio Ambiente = Department of the Environment.
    * peligro para el medio ambiente = environmental hazard.
    * preocupación por el medio ambiente = environmentalism.
    * protección del medio ambiente = environmental protection.
    * que no daña el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.
    * que no perjudica el medio ambiente = environmentally sound, environmentally friendly, eco-friendly.
    * relacionado con el medio ambiente = environmentally related.
    * temperatura ambiente = room temperature, air temperature.

    * * *
    medio3 m E 2. (↑ medio (3)), temperatura
    A
    1 (entorno físico) environment
    la contaminación del ambiente environmental pollution
    no sé cómo puedes trabajar en ese ambiente tan cargado I don't know how you can work in such a smoky atmosphere o environment
    2 (entorno social, cultural) environment
    crecí en un ambiente rural I grew up in a rural environment
    el ambiente de diálogo the atmosphere of dialogue
    hay muy mal ambiente en el barrio donde viven it's a pretty rough area where they live
    se encuentra realmente en su ambiente he's really in his element
    no me vendría nada mal cambiar de ambiente I wouldn't mind a change of scene
    en la oficina hay un ambiente de gran camaradería the office has a really friendly atmosphere, there's a really friendly atmosphere in the office
    se respiraba una cierta tensión en el ambiente there was a feeling of tension in the air
    había ambiente de fiesta there was a festive atmosphere
    el ambiente homosexual the gay scene
    hacerle buen ambiente a algn ( Col); to put sb at their ease
    hacerle mal ambiente a algn ( AmS); to make sb feel uncomfortable
    3 (creado por la decoración, arquitectura) atmosphere
    los tonos cálidos crean un ambiente acogedor warm tones create a welcoming o friendly atmosphere
    la ciudad conserva su ambiente colonial the city retains its colonial atmosphere
    la obra recrea el ambiente de la época the play recreates the atmosphere of the period
    no había nada de ambiente en la fiesta the party was really dead, the party had no life o atmosphere
    para darle más ambiente a la cosa colgaron unas cuantas serpentinas they hung up a few streamers to liven up o brighten up the place
    ambientazo ante el Barcelona-Real Madrid an electric o a tremendous atmosphere for the Barcelona-Real Madrid game
    B (CS) (habitación) room
    * * *

     

    Del verbo ambientar: ( conjugate ambientar)

    ambienté es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    ambiente es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    ambientar    
    ambiente
    ambientar ( conjugate ambientar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹obra/película› to set

    b) ‹fiesta/local› to give … some atmosphere

    ambientarse verbo pronominal
    to adjust, adapt
    ambiente sustantivo masculino
    a) (entorno físico, social, cultural) environment;


    se encuentra realmente en su ambiente he's really in his element;
    había una cierta tensión en el ambiente there was a feeling of tension in the air
    b) (creado por la decoración, arquitectura, la gente) atmosphere;

    ◊ un ambiente de camaradería/de fiesta a friendly/festive atmosphere


    ambientar verbo transitivo
    1 (bar, etc) to liven up
    2 Cine Teat to set: la película estaba ambientada en la Edad Media, the movie was set in the Middle Ages
    ambiente
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (atmósfera, entorno físico) environment
    2 (medio social) environment, milieu
    ambiente familiar, home environment
    3 (animación, situación) atmosphere, air
    (efecto creado por la decoración) atmosphere
    II adjetivo environmental
    medio ambiente, environment
    temperatura ambiente, room temperature
    ' ambiente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acogedor
    - acogedora
    - ahumada
    - ahumado
    - asfixiante
    - coralina
    - coralino
    - encajar
    - encresparse
    - festiva
    - festivo
    - hogareña
    - hogareño
    - humedad
    - infundio
    - intercambio
    - palpar
    - reinante
    - rollo
    - rústica
    - rústico
    - sosegada
    - sosegado
    - temperatura
    - tibieza
    - tiempo
    - viciar
    - ajeno
    - animado
    - bullanguero
    - cambio
    - cargado
    - clima
    - colosal
    - cordial
    - destruir
    - en
    - enrarecido
    - fúnebre
    - informal
    - intimidad
    - íntimo
    - mágico
    - marcha
    - marchoso
    - medio
    - natural
    - primaveral
    - refrescar
    - relajar
    English:
    agreeable
    - ambience
    - atmosphere
    - backdrop
    - capture
    - catch
    - clammy
    - close
    - cosy
    - cozy
    - damp
    - environment
    - environmentalist
    - feel
    - fraught
    - friendly
    - homely
    - hospitable
    - informal
    - informality
    - intoxicating
    - oppressive
    - relaxed
    - room temperature
    - smoky
    - sour
    - spirit
    - steamy
    - stimulate
    - strained
    - suffocating
    - surrounding
    - vibrant
    - warm up
    - working environment
    - conservation
    - eco-friendly
    - environmental
    - environment-friendly
    - expectation
    - medium
    - room
    - stuffy
    - surroundings
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    ambient;
    temperatura ambiente room temperature
    ♦ nm
    1. [aire] air, atmosphere;
    el ambiente de la capital es irrespirable you can't breathe the air in the capital;
    en el ambiente había un olor desagradable there was an unpleasant smell (in the air);
    abre la ventana, el ambiente está muy cargado open the window, it's very stuffy in here;
    el ambiente está enrarecido [cargado] it's very stuffy;
    [con tensión] the atmosphere is highly charged; Fig
    se respira una enorme tensión en el ambiente the tension (in the atmosphere) is palpable
    2. [entorno] atmosphere;
    [profesional, universitario] world, circles;
    en su última película no consigue recrear el ambiente de la época in his latest film, he fails to recreate the atmosphere of the period;
    esta lámpara crea un ambiente muy íntimo this lamp creates a very intimate atmosphere;
    un buen ambiente de trabajo a good working environment;
    creo que no iré a la fiesta, no me van esos ambientes I don't think I'll go to the party, it's not my sort of crowd o it's not my scene;
    entre viejos manuscritos Julián se encuentra en su ambiente Julián is in his element when he's surrounded by old manuscripts, Julián is never happier than when he's surrounded by old manuscripts
    3. [actitud] atmosphere;
    en esta oficina no hay ambiente para trabajar the atmosphere in this office is not conducive to work;
    su cese ha creado muy mal ambiente entre el personal her dismissal has created a very bad atmosphere amongst the staff;
    4. [animación] life, atmosphere;
    en esta discoteca no hay ambiente there's no atmosphere in this disco;
    un ambiente espectacular rodeó la celebración de los Juegos Olímpicos the atmosphere during the Olympic Games was amazing;
    los monarcas fueron recibidos con un ambiente de gala the monarchs were received with great pomp
    5. Esp Fam
    el ambiente [homosexual] the gay scene;
    6. Andes, RP [habitación] room;
    alquila un apartamento de un ambiente she's renting a studio Br flat o US apartment;
    tres ambientes, baño y cocina two bedrooms, living-room, bathroom and kitchen
    * * *
    I adj
    :
    medio ambiente environment;
    temperatura ambiente room temperature
    II m
    1 ( entorno) environment
    2 ( situación) atmosphere;
    crear ambiente create an atmosphere
    3 Andes, Rpl ( habitación) room
    * * *
    1) : atmosphere
    2) : environment
    3) : surroundings pl
    * * *
    1. (en general) atmosphere
    2. (situación agradable) life / activity [pl. activities]
    en este barrio hay mucho ambiente this neighbourhood is very lively / there's a lot going on in this neighbourhood
    3. (entorno) environment

    Spanish-English dictionary > ambiente

  • 18 уровень

    (напр. точности) echelon, column, grade, ( иерархической структуры) layer вчт., ( прибор) builder's level, carpenter's level, mechanic's level, level, surface гидр., (напр. подземных вод) table
    * * *
    у́ровень м.
    1. ( прибор) level
    поверя́ть у́ровень — test the level for adjustment
    поменя́ть места́ми концы́ у́ровня — reverse [turn] the level end-for-end
    ста́вить ре́йку по у́ровню — keep a rod plumb by a level
    2. (степень величины, значимости и т. п.) level
    доводи́ть у́ровень до … — bring up the level to …; bring up the level flush with …
    доли́ть до норма́льного у́ровня — top up the level
    измеря́ть у́ровень в ба́ке — gauge a tank
    над у́ровнем земли́ — above ground level, above grade
    на одно́м у́ровне с … — flush [level] with …
    не допуска́ть превыше́ния у́ровня вы́ше отме́тки ПО́ЛНО — never carry the level above the FULL mark
    привя́зывать у́ровень элк. — clamp [fix] the level
    располага́ться на у́ровне — чего-л. be located on the level of …
    устана́вливаться на постоя́нном у́ровне — level off
    акце́пторный у́ровень — acceptor level
    у́ровень бе́лого тлв. — write level
    у́ровень бланки́рования тлв. — blanking level
    бруско́вый у́ровень — block level
    у́ровень возбужде́ния — excitation level
    возбуждё́нный у́ровень — excited level
    у́ровень высо́ких вод — high-water level
    у́ровень гаше́ния тлв. — blanking level
    геодези́ческий у́ровень — geodetic level
    гидростати́ческий у́ровень — hydrostatic level
    у́ровень гро́мкости — loudness level
    у́ровень грунто́вых вод — ground water table, ground water level
    дискре́тный у́ровень — discrete level
    довери́тельный у́ровень мат. — confidence level
    до́норный у́ровень полупр. — donor level
    у́ровень за́писи — recording level
    запо́лненный у́ровень вчт. — occupied level
    у́ровень заря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of charge
    у́ровень за́сыпи ( доменной печи) — stock line
    у́ровень звуково́го давле́ния — sound level
    у́ровень земли́ стр. — grade
    у́ровень зна́чимости — significance level, level of significance
    у́ровень излуче́ния — radiation level
    у́ровень изоля́ции — insulation level
    у́ровень инве́рсии ( населённости) — inversion level
    у́ровень инве́рсии, поро́говый — inversion threshold
    у́ровень инже́кции полупр. — injection level
    у́ровень интегра́ции — integration level
    у́ровень интенси́вности — intensity level
    у́ровень иониза́ции — ionization level
    ионизи́рованный у́ровень — ionized level
    у́ровень квантова́ния — quantization level
    у́ровень кисло́тности — acidity level
    у́ровень коди́рования ( в кодирующей ЭЛТ) — quantum [quantizing] level
    контро́льный у́ровень — reference level
    у́ровень ме́женных вод — low-water level
    у́ровень мо́ря — sea level
    над у́ровнем мо́ря — above sea level
    приводи́ть к у́ровню мо́ря — reduce to sea level
    у́ровень мо́ря, сре́дний — mean sea level
    у́ровень мо́щности — power level
    у́ровень нака́чки элк. — pumping level
    у́ровень нивели́ра, приставно́й — striding level
    у́ровень нивели́ра, пузырько́вый — bubble (level)
    установи́ть (пузырько́вый) у́ровень нивели́ра в нуль-пункт — centre the bubble
    нулево́й у́ровень
    1. ( исходный) геод. datum (reference) level
    2. эл. zero level
    у́ровень ограниче́ния элк. — limiting level
    у́ровень освещё́нности — illumination level
    у́ровень отсе́чки — cut-off level
    у́ровень перегру́зки — overload level
    у́ровень переда́чи — transmission level
    у́ровень перехо́дного разгово́ра — cross-talk level
    подпо́рный у́ровень [ПУ] гидр. — pond [headwater] level
    у́ровень поме́х — noise level
    поро́говый у́ровень — threshold level
    у́ровень прилипа́ния физ. — capture [trapping] level
    при́месный у́ровень полупр. — impurity level
    у́ровень разря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of discharge
    ра́мный у́ровень — frame level
    у́ровень с отве́сом — carpenter's level
    спиртово́й у́ровень — spirit level
    у́ровень стоя́нки ( землеройной машины) — the natural surface of the ground (on which the earth-moving machine rests)
    у́ровень Та́мма — Tamm state
    у́ровень тона́льного вы́зова тлф. — call tone volume
    у́ровень управле́ния вчт. — level of the hierarchy
    у́ровень устано́вки ( экскаватора) — natural ground, the natural surface of the ground (on which the machine rests)
    у́ровень Фе́рми — Fermi level
    у́ровень фо́на — hum [background noise] level
    форси́рованный у́ровень — surcharged reservoir level
    у́ровень «черне́е чё́рного» тлв. — blacker-than-black level
    у́ровень чё́рного тлв. — black level
    энергети́ческий у́ровень физ. — (energy) level
    достра́ивать энергети́ческий у́ровень по́лностью — complete a level
    занима́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — occupy a level
    заполня́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — fill a level
    находи́ться на энергети́ческом у́ровне — reside at a … level
    переходи́ть с у́ровня на у́ровень — move [jump] from a level (in)to a level
    энергети́ческий, враща́тельный у́ровень — rotational level
    энергети́ческий, глубо́кий у́ровень — deep(-lying) state
    энергети́ческий, за́нятый у́ровень — occupied [filled] level
    энергети́ческий, запо́лненный у́ровень — filled [occupied] level
    энергети́ческий у́ровень захва́та — trapping level
    энергети́ческий, изоли́рованный у́ровень — single level
    энергети́ческий, колеба́тельный у́ровень — vibrational level
    энергети́ческий, наибо́лее глубо́кий у́ровень — innermost level
    энергети́ческий, незапо́лненный у́ровень — empty [vacant, unoccupied] level
    энергети́ческий, низколежа́щий у́ровень — low-lying level
    энергети́ческий, основно́й у́ровень — ground level
    энергети́ческий, пове́рхностный у́ровень — surface level
    энергети́ческий, при́месный у́ровень — impurity level
    этало́нный у́ровень — reference level

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > уровень

  • 19 εἰ

    1
    εἰ (Hom.+)
    ① marker of a condition, existing in fact or hypothetical, if (B-D-F §371f, neg. §428, 1; 2; Rob., indexes; JBoyer, Grace Theological Journal 2, ’81, 75–141, marker of a ‘simple, logical connection between protasis and apodosis’).
    ⓐ w. the indic.
    α. in all tenses, to express a condition thought of as real or to denote assumptions relating to what has already happened εἰ υἱὸς εἶ τοῦ θεοῦ if you really are the Son of God Mt 4:3; sim. 5:29f; 6:23; 8:31; Ac 5:39. εἰ σὺ Ἰουδαῖος ἐπονομάζῃ if you call yourself a Judean Ro 2:17. εἰ κατακαυχᾶσαι, οὐ σὺ βαστάζεις if you do boast, (remember) you do not support 11:18 al. In Paul the verb is freq. missing, and is to be supplied fr. the context: εἰ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν (sc. ἐστιν), τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρόν (sc. ἐστιν) 8:10. εἰ τέκνα (sc. ἐστέ) if you are children, then … vs. 17, εἰ χάριτι (γέγονεν), οὐκέτι ἐξ ἔργων 11:6 al. The negative in clauses where the reality of the condition is taken for granted is οὐ (earlier Gk. μή [for exception s. Goodwin p. 138f]; s. B-D-F §428, 1): εἰ οὐ δύναται τοῦτο παρελθεῖν Mt 26:42. εἰ δὲ ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀφίετε Mk 11:25 [26] v.l. εἰ πιστοὶ οὐκ ἐγένεσθε Lk 16:11f; εἰ οὐκ ἀκούουσιν vs. 31. εἰ οὐ φοβοῦμαι Lk 18:4; cp. J 5:47; 10:37; Ro 8:9; 11:21; 1 Cor 7:9; 9:2; 11:6; 15:13ff, 29, 32; 16:22 al. εἰ is rarely found w. the future εἰ πάντες σκανδαλισθήσονται Mt 26:33; Mk 14:29; εἰ ἀρνησόμεθα 2 Ti 2:12 (cp. Just., A I, 31, 6 εἰ μὴ ἀρνοῖντο Ἰησοῦν); εἰ ὑπομενεῖτε 1 Pt 2:20; εἰ καὶ οὐ δώσει (class. ἐὰν καὶ μὴ δῷ B-D-F §372, 3; Rob. 1012) Lk 11:8. W. aor., when events are regarded as having taken place Mt 24:22; Mk 3:26; 13:20.
    β. w. the pres., impf., aor., or plpf. indic. to express an unreal (contrary to fact) condition (B-D-F §360; 372; Rob. 1012ff). ἄν is usu. found in the apodosis (regularly in class.) εἰ ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σίδωνι ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις, πάλαι ἂν μετενόησαν if the wonders had been done in T. and S., they would have repented long ago Mt 11:21. εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers 23:30. εἰ ᾔδει ὁ οἰκοδεσπότης if the master of the house had known 24:43 (cp. Just., A I, 12, 2 εἰ … ταῦτα ἐγίνωσκον; 18, 1 al.) εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν if he were a prophet, he would know Lk 7:39 al. The pres. indic. εἰ ἔχετε (v.l. εἴχετε) πίστιν … ἐλέγετε ἄν if you had faith … you would say Lk 17:6. Somet. ἄν is lacking in the apodosis (Polyaenus 2, 3, 5 εἰ ἐπεποιήκειμεν … νῦν ἐχρῆν=if we had done … it would have been necessary; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 16, 18 [II B.C.]; PRein I, 7 [II B.C.]; POxy 526, 10; 530, 8 and 17; Just., A I, 10, 6; 11:2 al.—PMelcher, De sermone Epict., diss. Halle 1905, 75; Mlt. 200f) εἰ μὴ ἦν οὗτος παρὰ θεοῦ, οὐκ ἠδύνατο if this man were not from God, he would not have been able to … J 9:33. εἰ μὴ ἦλθον, ἁμαρτίαν οὐκ εἴχοσαν if I had not come, they would not have sin 15:22; cp. vs. 24. W. the apodosis placed first Mk 9:42 (v.l. περιέκειτο), Lk 17:2; J 19:11.
    ⓑ εἰ w. subj., as καὶ εἴ τις θελήσῃ Rv 11:5 (s. 7 below), is unusual, perh. a textual error; B-D-F §372, 3 conjectures κἄν for καὶ εἰ. But εἰ w. subj. is found in the older poets and Hdt. (Kühner-G. II 474), in Aristoph., Equ. 698 et al., in var. dialects (EHermann, Griech. Forschungen I 1912, 277f) and in later times (e.g. Epict., Vett. Val., Lucian [ed. CJacobitz, Index graec. 473a]; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. p. 84, 28; 197, 9; ins [Rdm.2 199]; PRyl 234, 12; POxy 496, 11; Dt 8:5); B-D-F §372, 3; Mlt. 187; Reinhold 107; OSchulthess, AKaegi Festschr. 1919, 161f.
    ⓒ εἰ w. the optative is rare: εἰ καὶ πάσχοιτε … μακάριοι even if you should suffer, … you would be blessed 1 Pt 3:14. εἰ θέλοι (v.l. θέλει) τὸ θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ if it should be God’s will vs. 17. εἴ τι ἔχοιεν (sc. κατηγορεῖν; cp. Just., A I, 3, 1 εἰ … μηδὲν ἔχοι τις ἐλέγχειν) πρὸς ἐμέ if they should have any charges to bring against me Ac 24:19. εἰ δυνατὸν εἴη (Jos., Ant. 12, 12) if it should be possible 20:16 (but s. B-D-F §385, 2; Just., A II, 15, 2 εἰ δύναιντο). εἰ τύχοι is used as a formula (oft. in later wr., incl. Philo; s. KReik, D. Opt. bei Polyb. u. Philo 1907, 154; Just., A I, 27, 3) it may be, for example, perhaps 1 Cor 15:37; used to tone down an assertion which may be too bold 14:10 (Lucian, Icar. 6 καὶ πολλάκις, εἰ τύχοι, μηδὲ ὁπόσοι στάδιοι Μεγαρόθεν Ἀθήναζέ εἰσιν, ἀκριβῶς ἐπιστάμενοι ‘and many times, so it appears, not even knowing how many stades it is from Megara to Athens’).
    ② marker of an indirect question as content, that (Kühner-G. II 369, 8; Rob. 965. Cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 67 §283 ἀγανακτέω εἰ=be exasperated that; Sir 23:14 θελήσεις εἰ μὴ ἐγεννήθης; 2 Macc 14:28; 4 Macc 2:1; 4:7. S. on θαυμάζω 1aγ) ἐθαύμασεν εἰ ἤδη τέθνηκεν he was surprised that he was already dead Mk 15:44a. μὴ θαυμάζετε εἰ μισεῖ ὑμᾶς ὁ κόσμος do not wonder that the world hates you 1J 3:13; θαυμαζόντων …, εἰ τοσαύτη σπουδὴ ἦν τοῦ συλληφθῆναι that there was such interest in arresting MPol 7:2; AcPlCor 2:2 (cp. Just., A II, 8, 3 οὐδὲν … θαυμαστόν, εἰ). Sim. also (Procop. Soph., Ep. 123 χάριν ἔχειν εἰ=that) μαρτυρόμενος … εἰ παθητὸς ὁ Χριστός testifying … that the Christ was to suffer (s. πάσχω 3aα) Ac 26:23.—οὐ μέγα εἰ it is not surprising that 2 Cor 11:15 (cp. Aeschin., In Ctes. 94 ἐστὶ δεινὸν εἰ; Diod S 23, 15, 5, παράδοξον … εἰ=incredible … that; ibid. θαυμαστὸν εἰ; Gen 45:28 μέγα μοί ἐστιν εἰ).— That is also poss. after verbs of knowing or not knowing, e.g. J 9:25; Ac 19:2b; 1 Cor 1:16; 7:16; so CBurchard, ZNW 52, ’61, 73–82 but s. 5bα.
    ③ marker in causal clauses, when an actual case is taken as a supposition, where we also can use if instead of since: εἰ τὸν χόρτον … ὁ θεὸς οὕτως ἀμφιέννυσιν if God so clothes the grass Mt 6:30; Lk 12:28; cp. Mt 7:11; Lk 11:13; J 7:23; 10:35; 13:14, 17, 32; Ac 4:9; 11:17; Ro 6:8; 15:27; Col 2:20; Hb 7:15; 1 Pt 1:17; 1J 4:11.
    ④ marker of strong or solemn assertion, without apodosis (=in aposiopesis; B-D-F §482; Rob. 1203) εἰ ἔγνως if you only knew Lk 19:42. εἰ βούλει παρενέγκαι if you would only let (this) pass 22:42 v.l. (cp. the letter fr. IV B.C. in Dssm., LO 120, note 5 [LAE 149]).—Hebraistic in oaths, like אִם: may this or that happen to me, if … (cp. 2 Km 3:25; GBuchanan, HTR 58, ’65, 319–24); this amounts to a strong negation certainly not (cp. Ps 7:4f; Gen 14:23) ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν εἰ δοθήσεται truly, I tell you, it will not be given Mk 8:12 (NColeman, JTS 28, 1927, 159–67 interprets this as strongly positive; against him FBurkitt, ibid. 274–76). εἰ εἰσελεύσονται they shall certainly not enter Hb 3:11; 4:3, 5 (all 3 Ps 94:11); B-D-F §372, 4; 454, 5; Mlt-H. 468f; Rob. 94; 1024.
    ⑤ marker of direct and indirect questions (without particle following)
    ⓐ (not in earlier Gk., B-D-F §440, 3; Rob. 916) w. direct questions (Gen 17:17; 44:19; Am 3:3–6; 6:12; TestAbr A 15 p.96, 8 [Stone p. 40]; 18 p. 100, 13 [St. p. 48]): εἰ ἔξεστιν; is it permitted, may one? Mt 12:10; 19:3 (cp. Mk 10:2); Lk 14:3 v.l.; Ac 21:37; 22:25. εἰ ὀλίγοι οἱ σωζόμενοι; are there only a few who will be saved? Lk 13:23; cp. Mk 8:23; Lk 22:49; Ac 1:6; 7:1; 19:2a. Cp. 6aβ.
    ⓑ freq. in indir. questions whether (Hom. et al.)
    α. w. pres. indic. (Gen 27:21; 42:16; TestJob 31:1; Jos., Ant. 10, 259; 16, 225; Ar 8, 1; Just., A I, 2, 2; A II, 2, 10) εἴπῃς εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός whether you are the Christ Mt 26:63. εἰ ἁμαρτωλός ἐστιν whether he is a sinner J 9:25; εἰ πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἔστιν whether there is a holy spirit Ac 19:2b (s. 2 above). ἴδωμεν εἰ ἔρχεται Mt 27:49; Mk 15:36 (Lucian, Dial. Mort. 20, 3 φέρʼ ἴδω εἰ=let me see whether, Merc. Cond. 6); cp. Mk 10:2; Lk 14:31; 1 Cor 3:12; 2 Cor 13:5; 1J 4:1.—W. the fut. indic. (4 Km 1:2; Job 5:1) εἰ θεραπεύσει αὐτόν whether he would heal him Mk 3:2 (v.l. θεραπεύει); Lk 6:7 v.l.; εἰ σώσεις whether you will save 1 Cor 7:16.—W. the aor. indic. (Esth 4:14; w. plpf. Just., D. 56, 2) εἰ πάλαι ἀπέθανεν whether he had already died Mk 15:44b; εἰ ἐβάπτισα 1 Cor 1:16.
    β. w. subj. διώκω εἰ καταλάβω I press on (to see) whether I can capture Phil 3:12 (B-D-F §368; 375; Rob. 1017).
    γ. w. opt. (X., An. 1, 8, 15; 2, 1, 15; 4 Macc 9:27; 11:13) ἀνακρίνοντες … εἰ ἔχοι ταῦτα examining … to see whether this was really so Ac 17:11. εἰ βούλοιτο πορεύεσθαι 25:20; cp. 17:27.
    ⑥ In combination w. other particles, w. the other particles foll.
    ⓐ εἰ ἄρα
    α. expressing possibility if, indeed; if, in fact; whether (perhaps) (X., An. 3, 2, 22; SIG 834, 12; Gen 18:3; s. B-D-F §454, 2) 1 Cor 15:15 (εἴπερ ἄρα); Hv 3, 4, 3; 3, 7, 5; Hs 6, 4, 1; 8, 3, 3; 9, 5, 7; AcPt Ox 849, 6.
    β. introducing a direct question εἰ ἄρα ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει; is it (really) so? Ac 7:1 v.l.; indirect qu. on the chance that (PPetr II, 13 [19] 9 ‘should you find it impossible’; Num 22:11) Mk 11:13; Ac 5:8 D; 8:22; in the hope that 17:27 (εἰ ἄρα γε); AcPt Ox 849, 2; 22. Cp. εἰ δέ … ; What if …? Ac 23:9.
    ⓑ εἴ γε if indeed, inasmuch as (Kühner-G. II 177c) Eph 3:2; 4:21; Col 1:23. τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε εἰκῇ; εἴ γε καὶ εἰκῇ have you experienced so many things in vain? If it really was in vain Gal 3:4. εἴ γε καὶ ἐκδυσάμενοι οὐ γυμνοὶ εὑρεθησόμεθα assuming, of course, that having put it off we shall not be found naked 2 Cor 5:3. [εἴ γ]ε οὕτως ὡς [ἔστιν καὶ παρελάβετε τὸν λόγον] AcPl BMM recto, 31f (restoration based on duplicate Ox 1602 verso, 37f and AcPl Ha 8, 24f, which has a slightly difft. text after εἴ γε [s. also the text of Ghent 62, 17 in HSanders, HTR 31, ’38, 79, n. 2]). S. γέ bα.
    ⓒ εἰ δὲ καί (Just., D. 110, 1) but if, and if Lk 11:18; 1 Cor 4:7; and even if 2 Cor 4:3 (but s. Lietzmann, Hdb.); 11:6. If, on the other hand, … then AcPlCor 2:28 (εἰ … δέ … καί … μή).
    ⓓ εἰ δὲ μή (γε) if not, otherwise
    α. after affirmat. clauses, w. the aor. ind, and ἄν in the apodosis J 14:2; or pres. ind. (Demosth., Prooem. 29, 3) and fut. (Gen 30:1; Bel 29 Theod.; PLond 1912, 98) Rv 2:5, 16; or pres. impv. J 14:11.—εἰ δὲ μή γε (μήγε some edd.) otherwise (Pla. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 27; Jos., Bell. 6, 120, Ant. 17, 113; Just., D. 105, 6; IGR IV, 833; POxy 1159, 6; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 167, 25; PGM 4, 2629; Da 3:15; Bel 8; TestSol 13:3 P): εἰ δὲ μή γε (sc. προσέχετε), μισθὸν οὐκ ἔχετε otherwise you have no reward Mt 6:1; cp. Lk 10:6. Elliptically: κἂν μὲν ποιήσῃ καρπὸν εἰς τὸ μέλλον• εἰ δὲ μή γε, ἐκκόψεις αὐτήν who knows, it may bear fruit next year; if not, fine, then cut it down (= have it cut down) 13:9.
    β. after negat. clauses, otherwise (X., An. 7, 1, 8; Diod S 3, 47, 4; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 100; LBW 1651 μὴ ἀδικεῖν…, εἰ δὲ μή; UPZ 196 I, 33 [119 B.C.]; Job 32:22) Mk 2:21f.—After a negative statement: οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς. εἰ δὲ μή γε, ῥήγνυνται people do not pour new wine into old skins; otherwise they burst Mt 9:17; cp. Lk 5:36. μή τίς με δόξῃ ἄφρονα εἶναι• εἰ δὲ μή γε, κἂν ὡς ἄφρονα δέχασθέ με no one is to consider me foolish; otherwise at least accept me as a fool 2 Cor 11:16.
    ⓔ εἰ καί even if, even though, although Lk 11:8; 18:4; 1 Cor 7:21; 2 Cor 4:16; 7:8; 12:11; Phil 2:17; Col 2:5; Hb 6:9; AcPlCor 2:32.
    ⓕ εἰ μὲν γάρ for if Ac 25:11 v.l. (for εἰ μὲν οὖν); 2 Cor 11:4; Hb 8:4 v.l. (for εἰ μὲν οὖν).
    ⓖ εἰ μὲν οὖν if, then Hb 7:11. W. εἰ δέ foll. (X., Cyr. 8, 7, 22; Ael. Aristid. 28, 156 K.=49 p. 542 D.) Ac 19:38.
    ⓗ εἰ μέντοι if, on the other hand Js 2:8.
    ⓘ εἰ μή (=πλήν) but 1 Cor 7:17 (= in general) (B-D-F §376).—After negatives
    α. except, if not, mostly without a verb depending on εἰ μή (X., An. 2, 1, 12; JosAs 12:11; Just., A I, 29, 1) Mt 11:27; 12:24; 16:4; J 3:13; Ro 7:7; Gal 1:19 (HKoch, Z. Jakobusfrage Gal 1:19: ZNW 33, ’34, 204–9); but also with a verb (Jos., Ant. 8, 316) Mt 5:13; Mk 6:5; Ac 21:25 v.l.
    β. but (OGI 201, 20f οὐκ ἀφῶ αὐτοὺς καθεσθῆναι εἰς τὴν σκιάν, εἰ μὴ ὑπὸ ἡλίου ἔξω; in note 33 the ed. gives exx. fr. Aristoph. for this use) without a verb Mt 12:4; w. a verb (Theod. Prodr. 7, 426 H.) Gal 1:7, s. ἄλλος 2b. For ἐκτὸς εἰ μή s. ἐκτός 3a.
    ⓙ εἰ μήτι unless indeed, unless perhaps (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 198 D.; Jos., Ant. 4, 280; Tat. 10, 2) Lk 9:13; 2 Cor 13:5; w. ἄν (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 16, 4) 1 Cor 7:5 (s. Dssm., NB 32, 1 [BS 204 n.]; B-D-F §376; Mlt. 169; 239; Reinhold 35; JTrunk, De Basilio Magno sermonis Attic. imitatore 1911, 56; JWackernagel, Antike Anredeformen 1912, 27f).
    ⓚ εἰ οὖν if, therefore Mt 6:23; Lk 11:36; 12:26; J 13:14; 18:8; Col 3:1; Phlm 17.
    ⓛ εἴπερ if indeed, if after all, since (X., An. 1, 7, 9; Menand., Epitr. 907 S. [587 Kö.]; PHal 7, 6; UPZ 59, 29 [168 B.C.]; Jdth 6:9; TestJob 3:6; Just., Tat., Ath.) Ro 3:30 (ἐπείπερ v.l.); 8:9, 17; 2 Th 1:6.—if indeed, provided that εἴπερ ἄρα (ἄρα 1a) 1 Cor 15:15. καὶ γὰρ εἴπερ for even if (cp. Od. 1, 167; B-D-F §454, 2) 1 Cor 8:5; on 2 Cor 5:3 s. εἴ γε καί 6b above. Doubtful IEph 6:2; s. ἤ 2aβ.
    ⓜ if perchance, if haply εἰ δέ που … τις ἔλθοι if perchance … anyone came Papias (2:4).
    ⓝ εἴ πως (the spelling εἴπως is also correct; B-D-F §12) if perhaps, if somehow
    α. w. opt. (X., An. 2, 5, 2; 4, 1, 21; POxy 939, 15) εἴ πως δύναιντο παραχειμάσαι in the hope that they could spend the winter Ac 27:12.
    β. w. fut. indic. (3 Km 21:31; 4 Km 19:4; Jer 28:8; TestJos 6:6) εἴ πως εὐοδωθήσομαι whether, perhaps, I shall succeed Ro 1:10; cp. 11:14; Phil 3:11.
    ⓞ εἴτε … εἴτε (Soph. et al.; ins since 416 B.C. [Meisterhans3-Schw.]; pap [Mayser II/3, 159]; LXX; JosAs 5:9; ApcrEzk [Epiph 70, 11]; Jos., Ant. 16, 33 and 37; Just., Ath. B-D-F §446; 454, 3; Rob. ind.) if … (or) if, whether … or
    α. w. a verb in pres. indic. (Herm. Wr. 12, 22 thrice) 1 Cor 12:26; 2 Cor 1:6; or pres. subj. 1 Th 5:10.
    β. w. no verb (Just., D. 86, 3 al.) Ro 12:6–8; 1 Cor 3:22; 8:5; 2 Cor 5:10 al. εἴτε only once 1 Cor 14:27. εἴτε ἄρσενα εἴτε θήλειαν (ἤτε … ἤτε pap) GJs 4:1.
    ⑦ Used w. the indef. pron.: εἴ τις, εἴ τι everyone who or whoever; everything that or whatever Mt 16:24; 18:28; Mk 4:23; 9:35; Lk 9:23; 14:26; 1 Ti 3:1, 5; 5:4, 8, 16 al. Cp. 1 Cor 12:31 v.l. (ADebrunner, ConNeot XI, ’47, 37). W. subj. εἴ τις θελήσῃ Rv 11:5 s. 1b, above.—DELG. M-M.
    2
    εἰ μήν, more correctly εἶ μήν (B-D-F §24; Rob. 1150) for the older ἦ μήν (Hom. et al. [s. Denniston 350f], but found also Jos., Ant. 13, 76; 17, 42), in Hellenistic-Roman times (SIG 993, 20 [III B.C.]; 736, 27 [92 B.C.]; IG IV, 840, 15 [EHermann, Gr. Forschungen I 1912, 312]; pap since 112 B.C. [Mayser 78]; LXX e.g. Ezk 33:27; 34:8 al.; Num 14:28; Jdth 1:12; Bar 2:29 [Thackeray 83]) formula used in oaths surely, certainly Hb 6:14 (Gen 22:17).—Dssm., NB 33ff (BS 205ff).—M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > εἰ

  • 20 catch

    A n
    1 ( fastening) (on purse, brooch) fermoir m, fermeture f ; (on window, door) fermeture f ;
    2 ( drawback) piège m fig ; what's the catch? où est le piège? ;
    3 ( break in voice) with a catch in his voice d'une voix émue ;
    4 ( act of catching) prise f ; to take a catch GB, to make a catch US Sport prendre la balle ; to play catch jouer à la balle ;
    5 Fishg ( haul) pêche f ; ( one fish) prise f ; to have a good catch avoir une belle pêche ;
    6 Mus Hist chanson grivoise en canon ;
    7 ( marriage partner) to be a good catch être un beau parti.
    B vtr ( prét, pp caught)
    1 ( hold and retain) [person] attraper [ball, fish, mouse] ; [container] recueillir [water, dust] ; ( by running) [person] attraper [person] ; I managed to catch her in ( at home) j'ai réussi à la trouver ;
    2 ( take by surprise) prendre, attraper [person, thief] ; to catch sb doing surprendre qn en train de faire ; to be ou get caught se faire prendre ; to catch sb in the act, to catch sb at it ○ prendre qn sur le fait ; you wouldn't catch me smoking/arriving late! ce n'est pas moi qui fumerais/arriverais en retard! ; you won't catch me at it again! on ne m'y reprendra plus! ; we got caught in the rain/in the storm nous avons été surpris par la pluie/par la tempête ; you've caught me at an awkward moment vous tombez mal ; ⇒ balance, foot, short, unawares ;
    3 ( be in time for) attraper, prendre [bus, train, plane] ; to catch the last post ou mail avoir la dernière levée ;
    4 ( manage to see) regarder [programme] ; aller voir [show, play] ;
    5 ( grasp) prendre [hand, arm] ; agripper [branch, rope] ; captiver, éveiller [interest, imagination] ; to catch hold of sth attraper qch ; to catch sb's attention ou eye attirer l'attention de qn ; to catch the Speaker's eye GB Pol obtenir la parole ; to catch the chairman's eye Admin obtenir la parole ; to catch some sleep ○ dormir un peu ;
    6 ( hear) saisir ○, comprendre [word, name] ; do you catch my meaning? tu comprends ce que je veux dire? ;
    7 ( perceive) sentir [smell] ; discerner [sound] ; surprendre [look] ; to catch sight of sb/sth apercevoir qn/qch ;
    8 ( get stuck) to catch one's fingers/foot in se prendre les doigts/le pied dans [drawer, door] ; to catch one's shirt/sleeve on accrocher sa chemise/manche à [nail] ; to get one's head/hand caught se coincer la tête/main (in dans ; between entre) ; to get one's shirt/sweater caught accrocher sa chemise/son pull-over (on à) ; to get caught in [person] se prendre dans [net, thorns, barbed wire] ;
    9 Med attraper [disease, virus, flu] ; ⇒ cold, chill ;
    10 ( hit) heurter [object, person] ; the ball/stone caught him on the head la balle/pierre l'a heurté à la tête ; to catch sth with heurter qch avec [elbow, broom handle] ; to catch sb (with) a blow donner un coup à qn ;
    11 ( have an effect on) [sun, light] faire briller [object, raindrops] ; [wind] emporter [paper, bag] ; to catch one's breath retenir son souffle ;
    12 ( be affected by) to catch the sun prendre le soleil ; to catch fire ou light prendre feu, s'enflammer ; to catch the light refléter la lumière ;
    13 ( capture) rendre [atmosphere, mood, spirit] ; to catch sth on film filmer qch ;
    14 Sport ⇒ catch out ;
    15 ( trick) ⇒ catch out ;
    C vi ( prét, pp caught)
    1 ( become stuck) to catch on sth [shirt, sleeve] s'accrocher à qch ; [wheel] frotter contre [frame] ;
    2 ( start to burn) [wood, coal, fire] prendre.
    you'll catch it ○ ! tu vas en prendre une ○ !
    1 ( become popular) [fashion, song, TV programme, activity, idea] devenir populaire (with auprès de) ;
    2 ( understand) comprendre, saisir ; to catch on to sth comprendre or saisir qch.
    ■ catch out:
    ▶ catch [sb] out
    1 ( take by surprise) prendre [qn] de court ; ( doing something wrong) prendre [qn] sur le fait ;
    2 ( trick) attraper, jouer un tour à ;
    3 (in cricket, baseball) éliminer [batsman].
    ■ catch up:
    ▶ catch up ( in race) regagner du terrain ; ( in work) rattraper son retard ; to catch up with rattraper [person, vehicle] ; to catch up on rattraper [work, sleep] ; se remettre au courant de [news, gossip] ;
    ▶ catch [sb/sth] up
    1 ( manage to reach) rattraper ;
    2 ( pick up) attraper [bag, child] (in dans) ;
    ▶ catch [sth] up in ( tangle) prendre [qch] dans [barbed wire, thorns, chain] ; to get one's feet caught up in sth se prendre les pieds dans qch ; I got my skirt caught up in the thorns j'ai pris ma jupe dans les ronces ; to get caught up in se laisser entraîner par [enthusiasm, excitement] ; se trouver pris dans [traffic] ; se trouver pris au milieu de [war, bombing] ; se trouver mêlé à [scandal, fight, argument].

    Big English-French dictionary > catch

Страницы
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